Phthalate exposure and risk of metabolic syndrome components: A systematic review

Serum Phthalate Concentrations and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Adipose Tissue in a Spanish Adult Cohort

“…Considering the highly skewed distribution of redox markers and contaminants, the magnitude of the associations was analyzed by means of robust regression based on the MM-estimator . The covariates included were initially selected from among those most commonly used in the available literature. ,, Final covariate selection in the multivariable models was performed by using a combination of forward and backward stepwise methods. The model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, BMI (continuous), place of residence (urban/semirural), educational level (no studies/primary or higher), smoking (never, former, current), and alcohol consumption (regular consumer/nonconsumer) and type of work (nonmanual worker, manual worker, retired), while model 2 was adjusted by these covariates but also by the consumption of vegetable foods.…”

“…In addition, despite their short half-life (about 24–48 h), − the population is constantly exposed to phthalates due to their ubiquity in daily use products . Moreover, phthalates are moderately lipophilic and can diffuse into the lipid bilayer of cells and spread to different tissues via the cardiovascular system. , Therefore, this sustained and spread exposure explains the associations found in previous studies between phthalates and/or their metabolites and different health conditions, including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, dyslipidemia, or cancer. − …”

“… 11 , 12 Therefore, this sustained and spread exposure explains the associations found in previous studies between phthalates and/or their metabolites and different health conditions, including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, dyslipidemia, or cancer. 13 − 19 …”