PHREEQE : a computer program for geochemical calculations

Parkhurst, David L.; Thorstenson, Donald C.; Plummer, L. Niel

doi:10.3133/wri8096

Cited by 160 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…The computer program PHREEQC [22], which is designed to perform aqueous geochemical calculations, was used with the database WATEQ4F for saturation index calculations. Figure 3 shows the saturation index of gypsum and anhydrite in the calcium sulphate test solution with an initial concentration of 25 mmol/L in dependence of temperature.…”

Section: Test Solutions and Test Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Crystallization Fouling on Novel Polymer Composite Heat Exchanger Tubes

Schilling

Glade

Orth³

2021

Heat Transfer Engineering

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Metals are common construction materials for heat exchangers. However, metals may suffer from failure due to corrosion, especially in harsh environments. Innovative thermally conductive polymer composite tubes based on polypropylene or polyphenylene sulphide filled with graphite have been developed. Crystallization fouling on metal surfaces has been extensively studied. However, fouling data for polymer surfaces are very limited. In the current study, a stirred vessel test rig and a horizontal tube falling film test rig were used to compare the fouling propensity of the polymer composite tubes and common stainless steel tubes. Experiments were performed with calcium sulphate solutions and mixed salt solutions containing calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate. The induction periods and the fouling resistances over time were measured. The novel polymer composite tubes showed a lower crystallization fouling propensity compared to the stainless steel tubes. The induction period was longer and the reduction of the overall heat transfer coefficient over time was notably lower compared to the metal tubes.

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Section: Test Solutions and Test Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%