Photothermal Nanomaterial-Mediated Photoporation

Abstract

Figure 3. Intracellular delivery of effector molecules in various cell types by AuNP-mediated photoporation. (a) AuNP-mediated photoporation of H1299 eGFP cells with varying laser intensity for siRNA gene silencing. eGFP expression was quantified with flow cytometry after 24 h. (b) eGFP-mRNA transfection in HeLa cells by AuNP-mediated photoporation with 0.3 μM eGFP-mRNA using increasing laser fluence and a fixed AuNP concentration of 8 × 10 7 NPs/mL. (c) H1299-eGFP knockout levels after photoporation in the presence of decreasing concentrations of eGFP RNPs. (d) Cell viability and gene silencing in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by AuNP-mediated photoporation versus electroporation (nucleofection). (e) Labeling primary neurons by incubation with the lipophilic dye DiI leads to staining artifacts in microscopy images, such as the presence of debris and uneven staining across the cells. Instead, the intracellular delivery of phalloidin by photoporation resulted in high quality staining of selected neuronal cells. (f) AuNP-mediated photoporation of macrophages with FITC-dextran of 150 kDa at a laser fluence of 1.6 J/cm 2 for increasing AuNP concentration.

Highly Efficient On-Chip Photothermal Cell Lysis for Nucleic Acid Extraction Using Localized Plasmonic Heating of Strongly Absorbing Au Nanoislands

“…The localized plasmonic heating of AuNIs induces a phase transition and photoporation in the directly contacted cell membrane, resulting in rapid and highly efficient cell lysis at a temperature lower than 90 °C. 53, 54 The gene amplification further provides additional proof of the thermal stability of nucleic acids following photothermal cell lysis. (Figure 4c) PC9 and A549 cell lines were photothermally lysed at 90 °C for 90 s, respectively.…”

“…Moreover, the fluorescence signals were slightly diffused at the cell periphery following photothermal heating at 90 °C for 120 s. The diffuse signals infer that both the cell membranes and the nucleus were completely ruptured, releasing nucleic acids from the nucleus to the extracellular space. , Despite the photothermal heating at 80 °C for less than 60 s, the cell lysis rate was also confirmed to be more than 87% (Figure b). The localized plasmonic heating of AuNIs induces a phase transition and photoporation in the directly contacted cell membrane, resulting in rapid and highly efficient cell lysis at a temperature lower than 90 °C. , The gene amplification further provides additional proof of the thermal stability of nucleic acids following photothermal cell lysis. (Figure c) PC9 and A549 cell lines were photothermally lysed at 90 °C for 90 s, respectively.…”

“…51,52 Simultaneously, the localized plasmonic heat of AuNIs causes both local phase transition and photoporation in the directly contacted lipid bilayer. 53,54 The nanopores and fluid phase, i.e., the lateral expansion between phospholipids and lower coverage density, abruptly increase the membrane permeability and trigger cell swelling 32 due to water inflow, thereby releasing the genetic materials after the membrane rupture (Figure 1b).…”

“…The membranes of cells are directly exposed to photothermal heat, which causes highly efficient membrane rupture without any chemical reagent and thus rapidly releases the genetic materials (Figure a). Photothermal heat increases the overall temperature inside the microfluidic chamber, inducing a phase transition of the lipid bilayer from gel to disordered fluid. , Simultaneously, the localized plasmonic heat of AuNIs causes both local phase transition and photoporation in the directly contacted lipid bilayer. , The nanopores and fluid phase, i.e., the lateral expansion between phospholipids and lower coverage density, abruptly increase the membrane permeability and trigger cell swelling due to water inflow, thereby releasing the genetic materials after the membrane rupture (Figure b).…”

Enhanced Intracellular Delivery and Cell Harvest Using a Candle Soot-Based Photothermal Platform with Dual-Stimulus Responsiveness

“…Intracellular delivery introduces exogenous cargoes, such as bioactive molecules and functional materials, into cells to regulate their behaviors and engineer their properties. , As most delivered “cargoes” are membrane-impermeable, different intracellular delivery strategies have been developed. − Among them, photothermal-induced membrane disruption delivery is attractive, which is based on photothermal thermal agents (PTAs) to convert light energy into heat to dissociate the phospholipid bilayer or generate smaller sized transient “holes” in the cell membrane of adjacent cells, providing a direct and rapid way to deliver cargo into cells. − Compared with other delivery methods, it has several advantageous features, such as ease of operation, simple equipment, and good control of delivery spatiotemporally. Photothermal surfaces with immobilized/embedded PTAs show high-efficiency delivery because of the enhanced interaction between cells and PTAs .…”