Photothermal-Chemotherapy Enhancing Tumor Immunotherapy by Multifunctional Metal–Organic Framework Based Drug Delivery System

Abstract

Immunotherapy holds great promise for patients undergoing tumor treatment. However, the clinical effect of immunotherapy is limited because of tumor immunogenicity and its immunosuppressive microenvironment. Herein, the metal–organic framework (MIL-100) loaded with chemotherapeutic agent mitoxantrone (MTO) was combined with photothermal-chemotherapy for enhancing immunogenic cell death. MIL-100 loaded with MTO and hyaluronic acid as nanoparticles (MMH NPs) yielded an NP with two therapeutic properties (photothermal and chemotherapy) with dual imaging modes (photoacoustic and thermal). When MMH NPs were coinjected with an anti-OX40 antibody in colorectal cancer, the highest antitumor efficacy and a robust immune effect were achieved. This work provides a novel combined therapeutic strategy, which will hold great promise in future tumor therapy.

Recent Advances in Cell and Functional Biomaterial Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury

“…Significant tissue repair and reduction of peripheral inflammatory cell infiltration can be observed in animal models of SCI treated with MSCs [115]. Reviewing recent studies on MSCs in the treatment of SCI, the possible mechanisms of MSC transplantation to promote tissue regeneration include regulating immune responses (regulation of macrophage phenotype M1 to M2 and reducing inflammatory cell infiltration), inhibiting apoptosis (inhibiting inflammatory corpuscles), promoting angiogenesis, and promoting regeneration of axons and myelin [116][117][118][119][120][121]. In addition, MSCs are important candidates for regenerative medicine because of their ease of acquisition, ease of storage, low immunogenicity, and strong proliferative capacity [108,[122][123][124].…”

Dynamic Adjust of Non‐Radiative and Radiative Attenuation of AIE Molecules Reinforces NIR‐II Imaging Mediated Photothermal Therapy and Immunotherapy

“…Photothermal treatment can induce cancer cells to immunogenic cell death (ICD), which is typically released calreticulin (CRT), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and ATP to extracellular, thereby recruiting immune cells. [ 20 , 21 , 22 ] However, ATP turns into adenosine by CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes participation, which binds to the A2A receptor (A2AR) of immune cells to suppress their activity. To further improve the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy, many inhibitors of the CD39‐CD73‐A2AR pathway have been developed.…”

Utilization of metal or non-metal-based functional materials as efficient composites in cancer therapies

“…Poly- co -glycolic acid (PLGA) NPs are attractive vectors of protein antigen delivery, which can effectively induce stimulation and maturation of DC, 92 which can not only enhance antigen processing and immunogenicity or improve antigen stability, but also target delivery and slow release of antigens. 91 Mature stimulated DCs showed a strong enhancement in stimulating the original autologous T helper cells and secreting cytokine numbers. 92,93 At the same time, fucoidan was a sulfurated polysaccharide purified form, which has a variety of immunomodulatory effects, including promoting antigen uptake and enhancing antiviral and anti-tumor effects.…”

“…These treatments have been shown to be effective in inducing, enhancing, or suppressing immune responses. 91 The successfully designed systems with mixed metal NPs were effective for efficient co-delivery of multiple chemotherapeutic drugs. The antitumor efficacy of the dual drug delivery system was evaluated in vitro in different cancer cells.…”