Photosynthetic sea slugs induce protective changes to the light reactions of the chloroplasts they steal from algae

Havurinne, Vesa; Tyystjärvi, Esa

doi:10.7554/elife.57389

Cited by 27 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…This is especially relevant for animals that host a foreign organelle where uncontrolled ROS production is detrimental (de Vries et al 2015). Our recent results on the LTR slug E. timida show that oxygen functions as an alternative electron sink in the slug plastids (Havurinne and Tyystjärvi, 2020), but whether the record-holding E. chlorotica utilizes the oxygen dependent electron sinks provided by V. litorea (Fig. 6F inset) remains to be tested.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In vivo transmission electron microscope (TEM) images were taken after freeze-etch fixation. The sea slug Elysia timida and its prey alga Acetabularia acetabulum were routinely maintained as described earlier (Schmitt et al ., 2014; Havurinne and Tyystjärvi, 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The slugs were then put to recover overnight in low light (PPFD <20 μmol m −2 s −1 ) in their growth conditions. F V /F M was measured with PAM-2000 after a minimum 20 min dark period as described earlier (Havurinne and Tyystjärvi, 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spinach plants and V. litorea cells were kept in darkness for at least 2 h before the measurements. Anaerobic conditions were obtained using a custom cuvette described in Havurinne and Tyystjärvi (2020). For spinach leaf cutouts, the cuvette was flushed with nitrogen.…”

Section: In Vivo P 700 Redox Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic autonomy and low singlet oxygen yield support kleptoplast functionality in photosynthetic sea slugs

Havurinne

Handrich

Antinluoma

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Elysia chlorotica is a kleptoplastic sea slug that preys on Vaucheria litorea, stealing its plastids which then continue to photosynthesize for months inside the animal cells. We investigated the native properties of V. litorea plastids to understand how they withstand the rigors of photosynthesis in isolation. Transcription of specific genes in laboratory-isolated V. litorea plastids was monitored up to seven days. The involvement of plastid-encoded FtsH, a key plastid maintenance protease, in recovery from photoinhibition in V. litorea was estimated in cycloheximide-treated cells. In vitro comparison of V. litorea and spinach thylakoids was applied to investigate ROS formation in V. litorea. Isolating V. litorea plastids triggered upregulation of ftsH and translation elongation factor EF-Tu (tufA). Upregulation of FtsH was also evident in cycloheximide-treated cells during recovery from photoinhibition. Charge recombination in PSII of V. litorea was found to be fine-tuned to produce only small quantities of singlet oxygen (1O2). Our results support the view that the genetic characteristics of the plastids themselves are crucial in creating a photosynthetic sea slug. The plastid's autonomous repair machinery is likely enhanced by low 1O2 production and by upregulation of FtsH in the plastids.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Vivo P 700 Redox Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Genetic autonomy and low singlet oxygen yield support kleptoplast functionality in photosynthetic sea slugs

Havurinne

Handrich

Antinluoma

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…Future work will need to address exactly how symbiosis influences tolerance to high light in photobionts. Intriguingly, in a completely different symbiosis, photosynthetic sea slugs have been shown to induce protective changes to the light reactions of the chloroplasts they steal from algae (Havurinne & Tyystjärvi 2020). Conversely, lichen photobionts may be subjected to stresses absent in free-living algae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoprotection in lichens: adaptations of photobionts to high light

et al. 2021

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Lichens often grow in microhabitats where they are exposed to severe abiotic stresses such as desiccation and temperature extremes. They are also often exposed to levels of light that are greater than lichen photobionts can use in carbon fixation. Unless regulated, excess energy absorbed by the photobionts can convert ground state oxygen to reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS can attack the photosynthetic apparatus, causing photoinhibition and photo-oxidative stress, reducing the ability of the photobionts to fix carbon. Here, we outline our current understanding of the effects of high light on lichens and the mechanisms they use to mitigate or tolerate this stress in hydrated and desiccated states. Tolerance to high light can be achieved first by lowering ROS formation, via synthesizing light screening pigments or by thermally dissipating the excess light energy absorbed; second, by scavenging ROS once formed; or third, by repairing ROS-induced damage. While the primary focus of this review is tolerance to high light in lichen photobionts, our knowledge is rather fragmentary, and therefore we also include recent findings in free-living relatives to stimulate new lines of research in the study of high light tolerance in lichens.

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Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation and Longevous Photoelectric Conversion by a Photosystem II Electrode

Tian

Zhang

Sibbons

et al. 2021

Advanced Energy Materials

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The immobilization of natural photosystem II (PSII) enzyme onto an artificial electrode offers an ingenious and promising avenue for semiartificial solar energy conversion. However, this process is significantly limited by the poor stability and the short life of PSII. Here, a new prototype of a semiartificial system is reported by anchoring PSII on polyethylenimine‐coated macroporous carbon electrode with a high load. Good electronic communication is established at the biointerface of this PSII electrode, enabling excellent photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation and lasting electricity generation. The maximum turnover number of 10 200 ± 1380 mol O2 per mol PSII dimer is obtained in this system at around 10 h before complete deactivation, reaching high current‐to‐O2 conversion efficiencies. The functions of PSII to release O2 both in light and dark conditions as well as for H2O2 formation are revealed. Under periodic irradiation (AM 1.5G 1 sun), this PSII electrode allows for stable mediated photocurrent output of ≈4.31 µA cm−2 after five days, which represents the most stable photoelectric performance achieved so far for PSII‐related electrodes.

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Photosynthetic sea slugs induce protective changes to the light reactions of the chloroplasts they steal from algae

Cited by 27 publications

References 65 publications

Genetic autonomy and low singlet oxygen yield support kleptoplast functionality in photosynthetic sea slugs

Genetic autonomy and low singlet oxygen yield support kleptoplast functionality in photosynthetic sea slugs

Photoprotection in lichens: adaptations of photobionts to high light

Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation and Longevous Photoelectric Conversion by a Photosystem II Electrode

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