Photosynthetic responses of aspen clones to simultaneous exposures of ozone and CO₂

Abstract

Current projections indicate steady increases in both trophospheric ozone and carbon dioxide well into the next century with concurrent increases in plant stress. Because information about effects of these interacting stresses on forest trees is limited, we have conducted ozone and carbon dioxide experiments using ozone-tolerant and ozone-sensitive trembling aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) clones (clones 216 and 259, respectively). Aspen plants were grown either in pots (square-wave study) or in the ground (episodic study) in open-top chambers. Plants in the square-wave study were exposed for a single growing season to charcoal-filtered air (CF) or to CF plus elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), or O3 plus CO2 (O3 + CO2). Plants in the episodic study were exposed for three growing seasons to CF, twice simulated ambient (2x) O3 (2x O3), or 2x O3 plus CO, (2x O3 + CO2). Photosynthetic measurements were made either in the open-top chambers at treatment CO2 concentrations or in controlled-environment cuvettes with various CO2 concentrations, producing assimilation versus intercellular CO2 concentration (A/Ci) curves. Ozone decreased photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance and accelerated leaf senescence. Elevated CO2 increased photosynthetic rate and decreased stomatal conductance when measured at treatment CO2 concentrations, and exacerbated the negative effect of O3 on photosynthesis. For example, for clone 259, photosynthesis decreased 9% for the O3 treatment compared with the CF treatment, but decreased 24% for the O3 + CO2 treatment compared with the CF treatment. Similar decreases for clone 216 of 2% and 6% for O3 and O3 + CO2, respectively, were not significant. A/Ci curves showed that O3 decreased carboxylation efficiency and maximum photosynthetic rate and that photosynthetic inhibition in response to O3 was greater with elevated CO2. The simultaneous declines in all factors of photosynthetic gas exchange measurements suggest that the equilibrium between stomatal conductance, carboxylation, and light harvesting systems was not disrupted by O3 and O3× CO2 interactions. Carbon dioxide did not ameliorate the detrimental effects of O3 on the leaf photosynthetic apparatus. In fact, the O3-tolerant clone appeared more sensitive to O3 with elevated CO2.

Elevated carbon dioxide ameliorates the effects of ozone on photosynthesis and growth: species respond similarly regardless of photosynthetic pathway or plant functional group

“…This is probably the result of a decrease in stomatal conductance in all six species in the elevated compared with the ambient CO # treatments, which resulted in lower O $ uptake (Reich & Amundson, 1985 ;Reich, 1987), supporting hypothesis number one. Similar results were found by McKee et al (1995) and Volin & Reich (1996), but not by Barnes et al (1995) and Kull et al (1996).…”

“…McKee, Farage & Long (1995), Fangmeier et al (1996), andVolin &Reich (1996) have shown an amelioration of the phytotoxic effects of high O $ on plant growth and physiology in an enriched CO # atmosphere. By contrast, Kull et al (1996) showed no amelioratory effect of O $ in high CO # , but their results indicate a greater plant sensitivity to O $ . Barnes, Ollerenshaw & Whitfield (1995) also found no evidence that elevated CO # provided protection against O $ damage in spring wheat, and suggested that CO # enrichment might make plants more susceptible at the cellular level to high O $ .…”

Effects of ozone exposure on growth and photosynthesis of beech seedlings (Fagus sylvatica)

“…A\c i and light-response curves are used to determine if changes in gas exchange can be attributed to non-stomatal effects (Kull et al, 1996). The Farquhar model of photosynthesis is often used in impact studies of elevated CO # , which makes different experiments comparable (Besford et al, 1998).…”

The response of sensitive and tolerant clones of Populus tremuloides to dynamic ozone exposure under controlled environmental conditions

“…Aspen is known to be sensitive to O $ (Karnosky, 1976 ;Berrang et al, 1991 ;Clark et al, 1996). The O $ responses of the species have been documented as necrotic injury on leaves and early leaf senescence (Greitner et al, 1994 ;Clark et al, 1996 ;Karnosky et al, 1996), as well as reduction of net photosynthesis (A) (Coleman et al, 1995a ;Kull et al, 1996), and alteration in C allocation (Coleman et al, 1995b).…”