In
experiments preliminary to the design of an X-ray-excited optical
luminescence (XEOL)-based chemical mapping tool we have used X-ray
micro (4.5 × 5.2 μm) and macro (1 × 6 mm) beams with
similar total fluxes to assess the effects of a high flux density
beam of X-rays at energies close to an absorption edge on inorganic
surfaces in air. The near surface composition of corroded cupreous
alloys was analyzed using parallel X-ray and optical photoemission
channels to collect X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) data
at the Cu K edge. The X-ray fluorescence channel is characteristic
of the composition averages over several micrometers into the surface,
whereas the optical channel is surface specific to about 200 nm. While
the X-ray fluorescence data were mostly insensitive to the X-ray dose,
the XEOL-XANES data from the microbeam showed significant dose-dependent
changes to the superficial region, including surface cleaning, changes
in the oxidation state of the copper, and destruction of surface compounds
responsible for pre-edge fluorescence or phosphorescence in the visible.
In one case, there was evidence that the lead phase in a bronze had
melted. Conversely, data from the macrobeam were stable over several
hours. Apart from localized heating effects, the microbeam damage
is probably associated with the O3 loading of the surface
and increased reaction rate with atmospheric water vapor.