“…Semiconductor photoanode nanomaterials with a high surface area can facilitate more dye absorption, effective photon harvesting, and fast charge transport, thereby improving the PCE of DSSCs. Various approaches, such as doping, 6 surface modication, 7 and the use of hybrid semiconducting nanomaterials, [8][9][10][11][12] have been proposed to improve the properties of semiconductor materials. Semiconductor nanomaterials such as metal oxides, including titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), 13 zinc oxide (ZnO), 14 zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ), 15 tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ), 16 and tin(IV) oxide (SnO 2 ), 17 have been extensively explored as photoanode materials in DSSCs.…”