PHOTOREACTIVATION OF PYRIMIDINE DIMERS IN DNA FROM THYROID CELLS OF THE TELEOST, <i>POECILIA FORMOSA</i>

Achey, Phillip M.; Woodhead, Avril D.; Setlow, R. B.

doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1979.tb07053.x

Cited by 59 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Similar observations were made in opossums on photoreactivation (24). Accordingly, photoreactivation of UV-irradiated fish cells that have endogenous photolyase (25,26) reduces apoptosis (27). In addition, detection of sunburn cells in skin treated with other DNA-damaging irradiation procedures (e.g., psoralen and UVA) supports the view that DNA is the relevant chromophore (28).…”

supporting

confidence: 73%

Nuclear and cell membrane effects contribute independently to the induction of apoptosis in human cells exposed to UVB radiation

Kulms

Pöppelmann

Yarosh

et al. 1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

182

179

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UVB-induced DNA damage is a crucial event in UVB-mediated apoptosis. On the other hand, UVB directly activates death receptors on the cell surface including CD95, implying that UVB-induced apoptosis can be initiated at the cell membrane through death receptor clustering. This study was performed to measure the relative contribution of nuclear and membrane effects in UVB-induced apoptosis of the human epithelial cell line HeLa. UVB-mediated DNA damage can be reduced by treating cells with liposomes containing the repair enzyme photolyase followed by exposure to photoreactivating light. Addition of photolyase followed by photoreactivation after UVB reduced the apoptosis rate significantly, whereas empty liposomes had no effect. Likewise, photoreactivating treatment did not affect apoptosis induced by the ligand of CD95, CD95L. UVB exposure at 4°C, which prevents CD95 clustering, also reduced the apoptosis rate, but to a lesser extent. When cells were exposed to UVB at 4°C and treated with photolyase plus photoreactivating light, UVBinduced apoptosis was almost completely prevented. Inhibition of caspase-3, a downstream protease in the CD95 signaling pathway, blocked both CD95L and UVB-induced apoptosis, whereas blockage of caspase-8, the most proximal caspase, inhibited CD95L-mediated apoptosis completely, but UVBinduced apoptosis only partially. Although according to these data nuclear effects seem to be slightly more effective in mediating UVB-induced apoptosis than membrane events, both are necessary for the complete apoptotic response. Thus, this study shows that nuclear and membrane effects are not mutually exclusive and that both components contribute independently to a complete response to UVB.UV radiation in the middle-wavelength range between 290 and 320 nm (UVB) represents one of the most relevant environmental dangers because of its hazardous effects, including skin aging (1), induction of skin cancer (2), and exacerbation of infections (3). Like other adverse agents (alkylating chemicals, oxidants), UVB induces changes in mammalian cell gene expression (4-6). Elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms is of primary importance for the understanding of how UVB can damage cells and thus act as a pathogen. One of the most controversial issues in this context is whether the cellular UVB response is initiated at the cell membrane or in the nucleus (7). To exert its biological effects, UVB must be first absorbed by a cellular chromophore, which transfers the energy into a biochemical signal. Among a number of chromophores (porphyrins, aromatic amino acids, urocanic acid), DNA is regarded as the most important for several reasons. (i)The wavelength dependency of some UVB effects is similar to that for DNA absorption (8).(ii) Acceleration of DNA repair inhibits particular biological UVB effects (8-12). (iii) Lower UVB doses are necessary to achieve the same biological effects in DNA repair-deficient than -proficient cells (13). Thus, these data favor the concept that DNA is the most important mo...

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supporting

confidence: 73%

Nuclear and cell membrane effects contribute independently to the induction of apoptosis in human cells exposed to UVB radiation

Kulms

Pöppelmann

Yarosh

et al. 1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

182

179

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“…In order to detect UV-induced DNA damage, B. burgdorferi genomic DNA was extracted after exposure to UV light and analyzed using an endonuclease sensitive site (ESS) assay (Fig. 3A) (41,42,48). In this assay, the damaged DNA is incubated with T4 pyrimidine dimer glycosylase (PDG), an endonuclease that recognizes cis-syn cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), the most common type of DNA damage generated by UV-C light (1,49,50).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nucleotide Excision Repair System of Borrelia burgdorferi Is the Sole Pathway Involved in Repair of DNA Damage by UV Light

Hardy

Chaconas

2013

J Bacteriol

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To survive and avoid accumulation of mutations caused by DNA damage, the genomes of prokaryotes encode a variety of DNA repair pathways most well characterized in Escherichia coli. Some of these are required for the infectivity of various pathogens. In this study, the importance of 25 DNA repair/recombination genes for Borrelia burgdorferi survival to UV-induced DNA damage was assessed. In contrast to E. coli, where 15 of these genes have an effect on survival of UV irradiation, disruption of recombinational repair, transcription-coupled repair, methyl-directed mismatch correction, and repair of arrested replication fork pathways did not decrease survival of B. burgdorferi exposed to UV light. However, the disruption of the B. burgdorferi nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway (uvrA, uvrB, uvrC, and uvrD) resulted in a 10-to 1,000-fold increase in sensitivity to UV light. A functional NER pathway was also shown to be required for B. burgdorferi resistance to nitrosative damage. Finally, disruption of uvrA, uvrC, and uvrD had only a minor effect upon murine infection by increasing the time required for dissemination.

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“…Hence, we settled on a fish model, Poecilia formosa, the Amazon molly, in which the fish exist naturally as an all-female clone. Fish contain PR activity (Rupert, 1975;Achey et al, 1979). The experimental design was simple (Hart and Setlow, 1975).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Three Unique Experimental Fish Stories: Poecilia (the Past), Xiphophorus (the Present), and Medaka (the Future)

Setlow

Woodhead

2001

Marine Biotechnology

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These three stories exemplify the uniqueness of fish models in their abilities to answer important biological questions. The first one identifies the major UV-induced damage (pyrimidine dimers) that is responsible for tumor induction. Thyroid cells from isogenic fish ( Poecilia formosa) were exposed to UV in vitro, then either exposed or not to photoreactivating light that monomerizes dimers, and the cells were injected into isogenic recipients. In the absence of photoreactivating light, the recipients developed tumors; in its presence, there were very few tumors. The second story describes our use of backcross hybrids of Xiphophorus as a model for melanoma induction by several UV and visible wavelengths. All the wavelengths were effective. (Squamous cell carcinomas in mice are induced preferentially by wavelengths <320 nm.) The data strongly suggest that light absorbed by the black pigment melanin damages DNA. The third story is designed to determine the mutagenic effects on sperm of the high atomic number, high-energy (HZE) nuclei present in cosmic rays by measuring mutations in progeny of exposed male medaka.

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PHOTOREACTIVATION OF PYRIMIDINE DIMERS IN DNA FROM THYROID CELLS OF THE TELEOST, POECILIA FORMOSA

Cited by 59 publications

References 10 publications

Nuclear and cell membrane effects contribute independently to the induction of apoptosis in human cells exposed to UVB radiation

Nuclear and cell membrane effects contribute independently to the induction of apoptosis in human cells exposed to UVB radiation

The Nucleotide Excision Repair System of Borrelia burgdorferi Is the Sole Pathway Involved in Repair of DNA Damage by UV Light

Three Unique Experimental Fish Stories: Poecilia (the Past), Xiphophorus (the Present), and Medaka (the Future)

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