Photoprotection for skin of all color: Consensus and clinical guidance from an expert panel

Abstract

The negative effects of sun exposure have become better accepted among health care professionals and the lay public over recent decades. Most attention has been focused on the effects of UV light, particularly UVB wavelengths (290-320 nm). Accordingly, products to protect skin from sunlight-associated harm (sunscreens) have been developed to minimize UVB exposure. The effects of longer wavelengths, including UVA (320-400 nm) and visible light (VL, 400-700 nm), are increasingly appreciated. VL accounts for approximately half of the solar radiation that reaches the earth's surface and understanding of its effects on the skin is improving. Studies have shown that VL can induce hyperpigmentation in individuals with dark skin types (Fitzpatrick skin types IV-VI). In addition, VL can contribute to the exacerbation of pigmentary disorders, including melasma. Because these findings are relatively new, there are gaps in understanding the needs for photoprotection and guidance for clinicians. A panel of dermatologists and photobiologists was convened to develop consensus recommendations and clinical guidance about sunscreen use relevant to the current understanding of risks associated with sun exposure using a modified Delphi method.

Polydopamine-Based Nanoparticles for Safe Sunscreen Protection Factor Products with Enhanced Performance

“…Protecting skin from sunlight is an important approach for preventing skin wrinkles, damage, and disease. − People regularly apply sunscreen to reduce the risks of developing melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. , In addition to being harmful to human health, four chemicals, including 4-methylbenzylidene-camphor (4-MBC), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), benzophenone-4 (BP-4), and 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), may threaten marine life when used beyond a certain threshold (4–5 μg/L for 4-MBC and BP-3) . Mineral UV sunscreens, especially titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) and zinc oxide (ZnO) particles, offer an alternative to organic UV filters.…”

Dermatology: how to manage rosacea in skin of colour

“…The role of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in rosacea has been extensively researched and thought to play a role in all phototypes. 20 Both UV radiation and visible light can contribute to skin damage, hyperpigmentation and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation commonly seen in individuals with darker skin tones (Fitzpatrick skin phototype IV–VI). 20 It is believed that UVB radiation can induce vascular endothelial growth factor 2 and fibroblast growth factor 2 from keratinocytes, which may contribute to the hypervascularity seen in rosacea.…”

“… 20 Both UV radiation and visible light can contribute to skin damage, hyperpigmentation and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation commonly seen in individuals with darker skin tones (Fitzpatrick skin phototype IV–VI). 20 It is believed that UVB radiation can induce vascular endothelial growth factor 2 and fibroblast growth factor 2 from keratinocytes, which may contribute to the hypervascularity seen in rosacea. 21 , 22 UV radiation can also stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species and activate cellular signalling in keratinocytes.…”

“…Differences in photoprotective behaviours in darker phototypes have been documented where sunscreen use and other sun-protective behaviours are less commonly adopted. 20 Whilst photoprotection is a key part of any rosacea treatment plan, patients with darker skin tones may report an unappealing white residue or cast as a barrier to regular physical sunscreen use. 51 In these scenarios, it may be more effective to recommend a tinted physical sunscreen.…”

Melasma hyperpigmentation: An overview of current topical therapeutics

“…[27][28][29] Studies have shown that visible light can lead to hyperpigmentation in darker individuals (phototypes IV-VI). 30 Broad-spectrum tinted (e.g., iron-oxide-containing) or antioxidantcontaining sunscreens are recommended. [31][32][33] Sun protecting habits should be encouraged and stressed at each visit, and include wearing protective attire (e.g., a wide-brimmed hat), avoidance of peak sun hours (e.g., 10:00 am to 2:00 pm), frequent reapplication of sunscreen (e.g., every 2 h and after water immersion or perspiration).…”