Photophobia measurement in intermittent exotropia using the contrast sensitivity test

Chung, Seung Ah; Rhiu, Soolienah; Han, Sueng‐Han; Lee, Jong Bok

doi:10.1007/s00417-012-2241-z

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This differed from the results of Chung et al [ 7 ], who suggested that the CS was significantly reduced by glare stimulation at intermediate spatial frequency under mesopic conditions, which could possibly be due to differences in spatial frequencies according to the devices used to conduct the CS test. While Chung et al [ 7 ] performed the CS test using the Optec 6 500 vision testing system based on spatial frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 18 cpd, our study was conducted under visual angles of 6.3°, 4°, 2.5°, 1.6°, 1°, and 0.64° (1.1, 1.8, 2.9, 4.5, 7.1, and 10.2 cpd, respectively). This difference may have introduced a lower spatial frequency bias in the test results, which is equal to larger visual angles in our study, and lowered the difference between CS caused by glare stimulation.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Chung et al [ 7 ] compared the preoperative CS of 58 children with IXT with that of children at 3 months after strabismus surgery as well as with 34 normal controls. The children with IXT showed significantly lower CS at low and intermediate spatial frequencies under mesopic conditions, and at low spatial frequencies under photopic conditions compared with normal controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chung et al [ 7 ] reported no correlation between the magnitude of the decreased CS at intermediate spatial frequencies with the glare stimuli, and the angle of deviation, sex, age, SE, stereoacuity, binocular status, or duration of IXT, while the only factor that strongly correlated with the presence of photophobia symptoms. However, in our study, ΔCS was smaller at 4.5 cpd (intermediate spatial frequency) with better fusional ability, greater at 10.2 cpd (high spatial frequency) with photophobia, and greater at 2.9 cpd (intermediate spatial frequency) with higher exotropia frequency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lew et al [ 6 ] reported that photophobia in IXT was associated with a distant exodeviation greater than 25 prism diopters (PD) and stereoacuity worse than 60 arcsec, but no analysis was performed with CS measurement. Chung et al [ 7 ] observed that CS under mesopic conditions could be indicative of photophobia in children with IXT. However, there was no correlation between a significant decrease in CS with glare and angle of deviation, sex, age, spherical equivalent (SE), stereopsis, binocular status, and duration of IXT.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Factors Affecting Contrast Sensitivity in Intermittent Exotropia

Kwon

Lee

2020

Korean J Ophthalmol

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Purpose To determine whether contrast sensitivity (CS) can represent photophobia in intermittent exotropia (IXT) by comparing the CS test with and without glare stimulus, and to analyze the factors of IXT affecting CS. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 107 patients with basic-type IXT. We compared CS under mesopic and photopic conditions, with and without glare. We compared the difference in CS before and after glare (ΔCS) between mesopic and photopic conditions, and compared CS with glare between patients with and without photophobia. The correlations between the clinical features of IXT and CS were analyzed. Results There was no significant reduction in CS at all spatial frequencies by glare stimulus. ΔCS was greater at high spatial frequencies under photopic conditions than under mesopic conditions. The group with subjective photophobia showed lower CS at 10.2 cpd under mesopic conditions with glare. CS showed a negative correlation with stereopsis under both mesopic and photopic conditions, and a positive correlation with fusional ability at low and intermediate spatial frequencies under mesopic conditions. ΔCS was smaller at intermediate spatial frequencies with better fusional ability, greater at high spatial frequencies with photophobia, and greater at intermediate spatial frequencies with a higher frequency of exotropia. Conclusions The CS test could not represent photophobia in IXT. However, CS tended to decrease with glare stimulus, and CS under mesopic conditions with glare was worse when accompanied by photophobia. Moreover, a poorer degree of stereopsis was associated with lower CS, and better fusional ability was associated with higher CS under mesopic conditions. Therefore, the CS test can be considered helpful in evaluating sensory function in IXT.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Factors Affecting Contrast Sensitivity in Intermittent Exotropia

Kwon

Lee

2020

Korean J Ophthalmol

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“…The extent of nystagmus was similarly reduced at the end of the follow-up period, which was reported by the patient subjectively. We followed Chung's method to measure photophobia, using the CSV-1000 Contrast Sensitivity Chart under mesopic conditions with glare [4]. We encountered significant improvement in monocular contrast sensitivity from the 1st to the 52nd week, on lower spatial frequencies (three and six cycles per degree [c/d]).…”

Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified phacoemulsification in oculocutaneous albinism to reduce photophobia

Sohajda

Széll

Hayfron

et al. 2020

Spektrum Augenheilkd.

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Background The main ophthalmological signs of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) are the translucency of the iris and photophobia. We describe an alternative method to reduce photophobia after cataract removal in OCA patients. Material and methods A 53-year-old woman suffered from OCA and bilateral cataract. Phacoemulsification was performed via posterior capsulorhexis with implantation of a three-piece intraocular lens into the sulcus ciliaris of the left eye and secondly of the right eye. Results We expected a fibrosis to be formed between the two capsular surfaces, which consequently would improve the diaphragm function of the iris and thus reduce photophobia. In the postoperative period, visual acuity and contrast sensitivity improved continuously, whereas photophobia decreased. Conclusion This modified surgical method is easy to perform. It is very cost-effective and can reduce photophobia and improve contrast sensitivity in albino patients in the long term.

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Schielen oder nicht Schielen? – Strabismus divergens intermittens, eine besondere Schielform

Resch

Entacher

2021

Spektrum Augenheilkd.

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Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Schielen tritt bei ca. 5–7 % der gesunden Kinder auf. Außenschielen ist mit 1,24 % weltweit seltener als Innenschielen. Der Strabismus divergens intermittens stellt mit 40–90 % die häufigste divergente Schielform dar. Das klinische Bild wurde von vielen AutorInnen beschrieben. Dennoch stellt es durch die Variabilität der Befunde eine therapeutische Herausforderung dar. Material und Methode Es wurden im Rahmen einer Literaturrecherche die Ergebnisse von Studien zum Strabismus divergens intermittens mit Fokus auf klinisches Bild, Untersuchungskriterien und Therapieansätze gesammelt und die Ergebnisse dargestellt. Resultate Der Strabismus divergens intermittens zeichnet sich durch eine besondere Binokularsituation und bisher ursächlich nicht vollends geklärte Symptome (Photophobie, Kneifen) aus. Konservative Therapien dienen der Entlastung des visuellen Systems, in vielen Fällen ist aber eine Schieloperation nötig. In der präoperativen Beurteilung ist der Stabilität des Schielwinkels besonderes Augenmerk zu schenken, als Entscheidungshilfe hinsichtlich Schieloperation hat sich der New Castle Control Score bewährt. Schlussfolgerung Die klinischen Charakteristika des Strabismus divergens intermittens sind klar beschrieben. Hinsichtlich therapeutischer Ansätze zeigen sich im internationalen Vergleich Unterschiede. Die Bedeutung der Einbeziehung der Eltern („shared decision making“) bei der Beurteilung der Schielhäufigkeit und bei der Operationsentscheidung ist zu betonen.

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Photophobia measurement in intermittent exotropia using the contrast sensitivity test

Abstract: The mesopic contrast sensitivity with glare can represent the photophobia of children with X(T). Contrast sensitivity may be a useful measure for monitoring symptoms related to X(T).

Cited by 15 publications

References 24 publications

Factors Affecting Contrast Sensitivity in Intermittent Exotropia

Factors Affecting Contrast Sensitivity in Intermittent Exotropia

Modified phacoemulsification in oculocutaneous albinism to reduce photophobia

Schielen oder nicht Schielen? – Strabismus divergens intermittens, eine besondere Schielform

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