Abstract:Migratory birds need to undergo physiological changes during their preparation for migration. The current study characterized those changes in photoperiodic migratory black-headed buntings (Emberiza melanocephala), which initiate their northward spring migration in response to increasing day lengths. We measured differences in body mass, testis size and triglycerides levels in buntings between groups exposed to short (8 h light:16 h darkness, 8L:16D; SD) and long (16L:8D; LD) days, and identified proteins that… Show more
“…Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses provide unbiased assessments of changes in gene transcription and protein levels. Proteomic comparison of pectoralis muscles between non-migratory (short day) and migratory (long day) phenotypes of the black-headed bunting (Emberiza melanocephala) revealed significant upregulation of H-FABP, myoglobin and creatine kinase, and upregulation of H-FABP and myoglobin transcripts were also evident (Srivastava et al, 2014). Such changes did not occur in the Indian weaverbird (Ploceus philippinus), a full-year resident species (Srivastava et al, 2014).…”
Section: New Insights Of the -Omics Agementioning
confidence: 95%
“…Proteomic comparison of pectoralis muscles between non-migratory (short day) and migratory (long day) phenotypes of the black-headed bunting (Emberiza melanocephala) revealed significant upregulation of H-FABP, myoglobin and creatine kinase, and upregulation of H-FABP and myoglobin transcripts were also evident (Srivastava et al, 2014). Such changes did not occur in the Indian weaverbird (Ploceus philippinus), a full-year resident species (Srivastava et al, 2014). A proteomic analysis of the red-headed bunting revealed 24 proteins that were upregulated in the pre-migratory phase compared with non-migrants, and two proteins that were only expressed in premigrants (Banerjee and Chaturvedi, 2016).…”
Migratory birds are physiologically specialized to accumulate massive fat stores (up to 50-60% of body mass), and to transport and oxidize fatty acids at very high rates to sustain flight for many hours or days. Target gene, protein and enzyme analyses and recent -omic studies of bird flight muscles confirm that high capacities for fatty acid uptake, cytosolic transport, and oxidation are consistent features that make fat-fueled migration possible. Augmented circulatory transport by lipoproteins is suggested by field data but has not been experimentally verified. Migratory bats have high aerobic capacity and fatty acid oxidation potential; however, endurance flight fueled by adipose-stored fat has not been demonstrated. Patterns of fattening and expression of muscle fatty acid transporters are inconsistent, and bats may partially fuel migratory flight with ingested nutrients. Changes in energy intake, digestive capacity, liver lipid metabolism and body temperature regulation may contribute to migratory fattening. Although control of appetite is similar in birds and mammals, neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating seasonal changes in fuel store set-points in migrants remain poorly understood. Triacylglycerol of birds and bats contains mostly 16 and 18 carbon fatty acids with variable amounts of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 depending on diet. Unsaturation of fat converges near 70% during migration, and unsaturated fatty acids are preferentially mobilized and oxidized, making them good fuel. Twenty and 22 carbon n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may affect membrane function and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling. However, evidence for dietary PUFA as doping agents in migratory birds is equivocal and requires further study.
“…Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses provide unbiased assessments of changes in gene transcription and protein levels. Proteomic comparison of pectoralis muscles between non-migratory (short day) and migratory (long day) phenotypes of the black-headed bunting (Emberiza melanocephala) revealed significant upregulation of H-FABP, myoglobin and creatine kinase, and upregulation of H-FABP and myoglobin transcripts were also evident (Srivastava et al, 2014). Such changes did not occur in the Indian weaverbird (Ploceus philippinus), a full-year resident species (Srivastava et al, 2014).…”
Section: New Insights Of the -Omics Agementioning
confidence: 95%
“…Proteomic comparison of pectoralis muscles between non-migratory (short day) and migratory (long day) phenotypes of the black-headed bunting (Emberiza melanocephala) revealed significant upregulation of H-FABP, myoglobin and creatine kinase, and upregulation of H-FABP and myoglobin transcripts were also evident (Srivastava et al, 2014). Such changes did not occur in the Indian weaverbird (Ploceus philippinus), a full-year resident species (Srivastava et al, 2014). A proteomic analysis of the red-headed bunting revealed 24 proteins that were upregulated in the pre-migratory phase compared with non-migrants, and two proteins that were only expressed in premigrants (Banerjee and Chaturvedi, 2016).…”
Migratory birds are physiologically specialized to accumulate massive fat stores (up to 50-60% of body mass), and to transport and oxidize fatty acids at very high rates to sustain flight for many hours or days. Target gene, protein and enzyme analyses and recent -omic studies of bird flight muscles confirm that high capacities for fatty acid uptake, cytosolic transport, and oxidation are consistent features that make fat-fueled migration possible. Augmented circulatory transport by lipoproteins is suggested by field data but has not been experimentally verified. Migratory bats have high aerobic capacity and fatty acid oxidation potential; however, endurance flight fueled by adipose-stored fat has not been demonstrated. Patterns of fattening and expression of muscle fatty acid transporters are inconsistent, and bats may partially fuel migratory flight with ingested nutrients. Changes in energy intake, digestive capacity, liver lipid metabolism and body temperature regulation may contribute to migratory fattening. Although control of appetite is similar in birds and mammals, neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating seasonal changes in fuel store set-points in migrants remain poorly understood. Triacylglycerol of birds and bats contains mostly 16 and 18 carbon fatty acids with variable amounts of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 depending on diet. Unsaturation of fat converges near 70% during migration, and unsaturated fatty acids are preferentially mobilized and oxidized, making them good fuel. Twenty and 22 carbon n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may affect membrane function and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling. However, evidence for dietary PUFA as doping agents in migratory birds is equivocal and requires further study.
“…Intracellular fatty acid transport is mediated by cytosolic fatty acid binding protein (FABP c ) in skeletal muscles and heart (Guglielmo et al 1998;Liknes et al 2014). A few studies of migration and winter acclimatization show that increases in FABP c levels are consistent correlates of pre-migratory (Pelsers et al 1999;Srivastava et al 2014), migratory (Guglielmo et al 1998(Guglielmo et al , 2002McFarlan et al 2009;Price et al 2010), and winter phenotypes (Liknes et al 2014) in birds. Upon reaching the mitochondrion, carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) mediates the transport of fatty acids across mitochondrial membranes (Guglielmo 2010; Price et al 2011;Swanson 2010).…”
Because lipids are the main fuel supporting avian endurance activity, lipid transport and oxidation capacities may increase during migration. We measured enzyme activities, mRNA expression and protein levels in pectoralis and heart for several key steps of lipid transport and catabolism pathways to investigate whether these pathways were upregulated during migration. We used yellow-rumped (Setophaga coronata) and yellow (S. petechia) warblers and warbling vireos (Vireo gilvus) as study species because they all show migration-induced increases in organismal metabolic capacities. For yellow-rumped warblers, 尾-hydroxyacyl CoA-dehydrogenase (HOAD) activities and fatty acid transporter mRNA and/or protein levels were higher during spring than fall in pectoralis and heart, except that fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) protein levels showed the opposite pattern in heart. Lipid transporter protein levels, but not mRNA expression, in pectoralis and heart of warbling vireos were higher either during spring or fall than summer, but this was not true for HOAD activities. For yellow warblers, pectoralis, but not heart, protein levels of lipid transporters were upregulated during migration relative to summer, but this pattern was not evident for mRNA expression or HOAD activity. Finally, muscle and heart citrate synthase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase activities showed little seasonal variation for any species. These data suggest that pectoralis and heart lipid transport and catabolism capacities are often, but not universally, important correlates of elevated organismal metabolic capacity during migration. In contrast, migration-induced variation in cellular metabolic intensity and mitochondrial membrane transport are apparently not common correlates of the migratory phenotype in passerines.
“…training effect). Such finding suggests that these morphological changes may be controlled by a seasonally regulated mechanism similar to other preparatory processes, specifically those associated with the seasonal increase in photoperiod that occurs prior to spring migration [38,39,76]. Such distinctions across migratory species are of interest and deserve further investigation.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…These stores are depleted over the course of the migration due to enhanced capacity for lipid transport to and oxidation within the flight muscles compared with non-migratory periods and species [14,15,37,38]. The seasonally driven changes in extracellular lipid stores and their importance for fuelling sustained flight is well established in many birds [14,16,19,34,38,39]; yet, as a primary site of lipid utilization [37,38], little is known about the role intramuscular lipid stores may play as birds prepare for and complete migration.…”
Birds undergo numerous changes as they progress through life-history stages, yet relatively few studies have examined how birds adapt to both the dynamic energetic and mechanical demands associated with such transitions. Myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression, often linked with muscle fibre type, is strongly correlated with a muscle's mechanical power-generating capability, thus we examined several morphological properties, including MyHC expression of the pectoralis, in a long-distance migrant, the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) throughout the progression from winter, spring departure and arrival on breeding grounds. White-crowned sparrows demonstrated significant phenotypic flexibility throughout the seasonal transition, including changes in prealternate moult status, lipid fuelling, body condition and flight muscle morphology. Pectoral MyHC expression also varied significantly over the course of the study. Wintering birds expressed a single, newly classified adult fast 2 isoform. At spring departure, pectoral isoform expression included two MyHC isoforms: the adult fast 2 isoform along with a smaller proportion of a newly present adult fast 1 isoform. By spring arrival, both adult fast isoforms present at departure remained, yet expression had shifted to a greater relative proportion of the adult fast 1 isoform. Altering pectoral MyHC isoform expression in preparation for and during spring migration may represent an adaptation to modulate muscle mechanical output to support long-distance flight.
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