Photoperiod in recirculation aquaculture systems and timing of seawater transfer affect seawater growth performance of Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>)

Ytrestøyl, Trine; Hjelle, Elise; Kolarevic, Jelena; Takle, Harald; Rebl, Alexander; Afanasyev, Sergey; Krasnov, Aleksei; Brunsvik, Per; Terjesen, Bendik Fyhn

doi:10.1111/jwas.12880

Cited by 19 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…In the present study, LL decreased the moisture content in the liver and dorsal muscle and increased the lipid content in the whole-body, liver, and dorsal muscle. Similarly, LL increased the whole-body lipid content of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) [ 55 ]. In gibel carp ( Carassius auratus ), the lipid content in the whole-body, liver, and muscle gradually increased with prolonged light exposure [ 50 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Melatonin is an important mediator of the conversion of exogenous temporal signals into endogenous biological rhythms [ 53 ], and the disruption of melatonin rhythms in fish by ALAN can also have an impact on lipid metabolism. Previous studies have reported that LL exposure led to an increased lipid content in some fish such as Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) [ 54 , 55 ] and gibel carp ( Carassius auratus ) [ 50 ], which may be attributed to disturbed lipid metabolism under LL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Time-Restricted Feeding Could Not Reduce Rainbow Trout Lipid Deposition Induced by Artificial Night Light

Shi

et al. 2022

Metabolites

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Artificial night light (ALAN) could lead to circadian rhythm disorders and disrupt normal lipid metabolism, while time-restricted feeding (TRF) could maintain metabolic homeostasis. In mammals, TRF has been demonstrated to have extraordinary effects on the metabolic regulation caused by circadian rhythm disorders, but studies in lower vertebrates such as fish are still scarce. In this study, the impacts of ALAN on the body composition and lipid metabolism of juvenile rainbow trout were investigated by continuous light (LL) exposure as well as whether TRF could alleviate the negative effects of LL. The results showed that LL upregulated the expression of lipid synthesis (fas and srebp-1c) genes and suppressed the expression of lipid lipolysis (pparβ, cpt-1a, and lpl) genes in the liver, finally promoting lipid accumulation in juvenile rainbow trout. However, LL downregulated the expression of genes (Δ6-fad, Δ9-fad, elovl2, and elovl5) related to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) synthesis, resulting in a significant decrease in the proportion of LC-PUFA in the dorsal muscle. In serum, LL led to a decrease in glucose (Glu) levels and an increase in triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (H-DLC) levels. On the other hand, TRF (mid-dark stage feeding (D)) and mid-light stage feeding (L)) upregulated the expression of both the lipid synthesis (srebp-1c and pparγ), lipolysis (pparα, pparβ, and cpt-1a), and lipid transport (cd36/fat and fatp-1) genes, finally increasing the whole-body lipid, liver protein, and lipid content. Meanwhile, TRF (D and L groups) increased the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and LC-PUFA in serum. In contrast, random feeding (R group) increased the serum Glu levels and decreased TG, total cholesterol (T-CHO), and H-DLC levels, suggesting stress and poor nutritional status. In conclusion, ALAN led to lipid accumulation and a significant decrease in muscle LC-PUFA proportion, and TRF failed to rescue these negative effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Restricted Feeding Could Not Reduce Rainbow Trout Lipid Deposition Induced by Artificial Night Light

Shi

et al. 2022

Metabolites

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“…Few recent trials have evaluated smolt performance under different rearing protocols. Ytrestøyl et al (2022) compared the growth of three groups of Atlantic salmon in RAS that were exposed to either a conventionally 12L:12D, 12L:12D or a 24L:0D light smoltification regime, respectively prior to transfer to net-cages in seawater at an average body weight of 100, 200 and 600 g, respectively. At first sampling eight weeks after seawater transfer the group exposed to the 24L:0D regime was bigger than the 200 g group exposed to 12L:12D regime because of the higher growth rate prior to sea transfer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of three light smoltification regimes on performance and genetic parameters of traits in Atlantic salmon

Gjerde,

Boison,

Hazlerigg

et al. 2024

Preprint

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2800 Atlantic salmon pre-smolts (50 g on average, the offspring of 53 sires and 100 dams) were individually tagged with PIT-tags and distributed among six circular 1200L tanks with approximately 450 fish per tank. Fish in duplicated tanks were put on three different light regimes, i.e. six weeks on either 8L:16D, 12L:12D or 24L:0D followed by six weeks on 24L:0D. One week prior to their transfer as 1+ smolt to a net cage in the sea in June 2021 their body weight, length, subjectively scored smolt status and fin damage were recorded. Recording of animal traits (body weight, wounds, fin damage, snout damage) were also performed in November 2021 and in April 2022. During the light regimes, fish on the two short day regimes had slower growth compared to fish on continuous light. However, after four (November 2021) and ten (April 2022) months in the sea the effect of light regime on fish size was not significantly different from zero (P>0.05). The fish on the 24L:0D regime showed increased mortality from day two after sea transfer with an accumulated recorded mortality of 8.9% during the two first months while it was only 1.0% and 0.7% for the 12L:12D and the 8L:16D fish, respectively. However, from the third until ten months in the sea recorded mortality was very similar for fish on the three light regimes. The effect of light regime on the recorded welfare traits (fin and snout damage and runts) was not significantly different from zero. For traits measured prior to seawater transfer the difference between fish that survived and those that died during the first two months in the sea were largest in the 24L:0D group indicating a positive effect of the short-day regimes also on the general smolt synchronization (i.e., group level uniformity). Moderate heritability estimates were found for the external smolt indicator traits condition factor, smolt status score and skin silveriness, as well as for snout damage, wounds, runts and body weight, but low estimates fin damage. For survival in the sea heritability on the liability scale was 0.09 after four months in the sea and 0.22 from five to ten months in the sea. The estimated genetic correlations between the same trait of the three different light regimes were moderate to high and thus unimportant genotype by light regime interaction. The genetic correlation of body in June 2021 with survival after two months in the sea was high (0.96), but not significantly different from zero with survival after four months in the sea and survival from five to ten months in the sea. Genetic correlations of survival with the other traits recorded in June 2021, November 2021 and April 2022 were low to medium in magnitude and not significantly different from zero. Therefore, for genetic improvement of survival in the seawater period direct selection for increased survival and growth during the first months is probably a better strategy than to perform indirect selection for smolt indicator traits.

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“…It has been observed in most intensively farmed fish that extended light periods promote somatic growth (Boeuf and Le Bail, 1999;Aride et al, 2021;Li et al, 2022), while extended darkness periods promote gonadal development and maturation (Hermelink et al, 2017;Lundova et al, 2019). Constant light (LL) has been implemented in commercial production in freshwater recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) of Atlantic salmon smolts (Lorgen-Ritchie et al, 2022;Ytrestøyl et al, 2022). Several studies have shown that LL does not negatively affect behavior (Hamilton et al, 2022), survival (Nemova et al, 2020), flesh quality (Imsland et al, 2019), and immune gene expression (Ytrestøyl et al, 2022) in salmonids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Constant light (LL) has been implemented in commercial production in freshwater recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) of Atlantic salmon smolts (Lorgen-Ritchie et al, 2022;Ytrestøyl et al, 2022). Several studies have shown that LL does not negatively affect behavior (Hamilton et al, 2022), survival (Nemova et al, 2020), flesh quality (Imsland et al, 2019), and immune gene expression (Ytrestøyl et al, 2022) in salmonids. However, LL exposure is considered a stressor in some fish, such as black sea turbot (Psetta maeotica) (Turker, 2005), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) (Giannetto et al, 2014), and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) (Malinovskyi et al, 2022), etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoperiod-independent diurnal feeding improved the growth and feed utilization of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by inducing food anticipatory activity

Shi

et al. 2022

Front. Mar. Sci.

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A three-month culture experiment was designed to assess the effects of photoperiod and feeding regime on growth, feed utilization, and food anticipatory activity (FAA) of juvenile rainbow trout. The experiment included two photoperiods: 24L:0D (LL) and 12L:12D (LD); three feeding regimes: random feeding (R), mid-dark stage feeding (D), and mid-light stage feeding (L). A total of six treatment groups (R-LL, D-LL, L-LL, R-LD, D-LD, L-LD) were defined. The experimental results showed that the growth and feed utilization of the scheduled feeding groups (D and L groups) were significantly higher than those of the R group under both photoperiods, and there was no statistical difference between the D and L groups. A typical FAA was observed in the L group, independent of the photoperiod. Also, the digestive enzyme activity of the L group was synchronized by the feeding time under both photoperiods. There were rhythms in serum levels of glucose (GLU), triglyceride (TG), and total-cholesterol (T-CHO) in the D and L groups. Serum GLU also had a rhythm in the R group, but the peaks occurred at the feeding point (LL group) or after the feeding point (LD group), reflecting a possible passive rise in GLU after feeding. Serum cortisol was higher in the R group than in the scheduled feeding group, indicating that random feeding caused stress to juvenile rainbow trout. Serum insulin levels were found to increase before feeding in all three feeding regimes, probably reflecting the anticipation of food induced by the last meal. Serum melatonin levels were suppressed by the LL group. Serum 5-HT levels were synchronized by meal time in the R and L groups. Finally, rhythms of appetite-related genes were observed under all three feeding regimes, and more genes were rhythmic under LL, suggesting that food can strongly synchronize the feeding rhythm of juvenile rainbow trout when lacking light zeitgeber. In summary, this study concluded that diurnal feeding (L group) independent of photoperiod induced typical FAA in juvenile rainbow trout and that the LD (12L:12D) photoperiod and L (mid-light phase) feeding were recommended in the juvenile rainbow trout aquaculture.

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Photoperiod in recirculation aquaculture systems and timing of seawater transfer affect seawater growth performance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Cited by 19 publications

References 66 publications

Time-Restricted Feeding Could Not Reduce Rainbow Trout Lipid Deposition Induced by Artificial Night Light

Time-Restricted Feeding Could Not Reduce Rainbow Trout Lipid Deposition Induced by Artificial Night Light

Impact of three light smoltification regimes on performance and genetic parameters of traits in Atlantic salmon

Photoperiod-independent diurnal feeding improved the growth and feed utilization of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by inducing food anticipatory activity

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