Photooxidation processes for an azo dye in aqueous media: Modeling of degradation kinetic and ecological parameters evaluation

Azo Dyes and Their Metabolites: Does the Discharge of the Azo Dye into Water Bodies Represent Human and Ecological Risks?

“…They are synthetic compounds and account for more than 50% of all the dyes produced annually, showing the largest spectrum of colors (Carliell et al, 1995;Bae & Freeman, 2007;Kusic et al, 2011). Nearly all the dyestuffs used by the textile industry are azo dyes, and they are also widely used in the printing, food, papermaking and cosmetic industries (Chung & Stevens, 1993;Chang et al, 2001a).…”

“…biotreatment in anaerobic conditions) could result in the generation of aromatic amines, which are somewhat toxic and carcinogenic (Öztürk & Abdullah, 2006;Bae & Freeman, 2007;Kusic et al, 2011). It should also be mentioned that azo dyes are associated with various health risks to humans, and therefore colored wastewaters should be efficiently treated prior to discharge into the natural water bodies (Kusic et al, 2011). Several methods are used to decolorize textile effluents including physicochemical methods such as filtration and coagulation, activated carbon and chemical flocculation (Gogate & Pandit, 2004).…”

“…Several methods are used to decolorize textile effluents including physicochemical methods such as filtration and coagulation, activated carbon and chemical flocculation (Gogate & Pandit, 2004). These methods involve the formation of a concentrated sludge, which, in turn creates a secondary disposal problem (Maier et al, 2004;Elisangela et al, 2009), since these methods merely transfer the pollution from one phase to another, which still requires secondary treatment (Gogate & Pandit, 2004;Kusic et al, 2011). Recently, new biological processes have been developed for dye degradation and wastewater reuse, including the use of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fungi (Elisangela et al, 2009).…”

“…Although the stable operation of continuous fungal bioreactors for the treatment of synthetic dye solutions has been achieved, the application of white-rot fungi for the removal of dyes from textile wastewaters still confronts many problems due to the large volumes produced, the nature of the synthetic dyes and the biomass control (Nigam et al, 2000;Mielgo et al, 2001;Robinson et al, 2001b;Elisangela et al, 2009). Of the chemical methods under development, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) seem to be a promising option for the treatment of toxic and non-biodegradable organic compounds in various types of wastewater, including the colored ones (Forgacs et al, 2004;Gogate & Pandit, 2004;Kusic et al, 2011). AOPs have received considerable attention due to their potential to completely oxidize the majority of the organic compounds present in the water.…”

“…AOPs have received considerable attention due to their potential to completely oxidize the majority of the organic compounds present in the water. AOPs could serve as oxidative pretreatment method to convert non or low-biodegradable organic pollutants into readily biodegradable contaminants (Mantzavinos & Psillakis, 2004;Kusic et al, 2011). The electron beam (EB) treatment is also included in the class of AOPs, and laboratory investigations, pilot-plant experiments and industrially established technology have shown the efficiency of the EB treatment in destroying textile dyes in aqueous solutions (Han et al ,2002;Pálfi et al, 2011).…”