The
rate of visible light photoionization of the tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II)
triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited state (3MLCT) is very strongly dependent on the acid concentration in aqueous
solution, and the pattern of this dependence is similar to that reported
for the photoionization of iodide. With 405 nm visible irradiation
of 3MLCT, less than 15% of the photoionized products appear
as free solvated electrons in bulk solution, while more than 75% of
the photoproducts appear to be solvent-separated, (oxidized substrate)–electron
ion pairs that efficiently recombine with the photo-oxidized complex
in the absence of an electron scavenger. The quantum yield of free
solvated electrons generated by these 405 nm irradiations is approximately
0.004, but the net quantum yield of scavengeable electrons is estimated
to be about 0.04. A visible-region photoionization threshold energy
for the 3MLCT is consistent with thermodynamic expectations,
and similar behavior is expected for many redox-active complexes.