Photonuclear reaction cross sections for 12C, 14N and 16O

Fuller, E. G.

doi:10.1016/0370-1573(85)90145-0

Cited by 69 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…We used the following data to get charge changing photo cross sections av for 160: a) 10-30 MeV Photo cross sections for 160 for the emission of one proton and one neutron (7, np), for the emission of at least one proton and no neutron (?, p+ X) and for the emission of other charged particles (7, ~), (7, 4ct), (7,3He) and (7, d) are given in a review paper by Fuller [12]. b) 30-160 MeV Total photon absorption cross sections for (7, hadrons) for 160 were measured by Ahrens et al [13].…”

Section: A Theoretical Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fragmentation cross sections of16O at 60 and 200 GeV/nucleon

Brechtmann

Heinrich

1988

Z. Physik A - Atomic Nuclei

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We used CR39 plastic nuclear track detectors (C t 2H1807) in combination with automatic track measurement to determine total charge changing and partial cross sections for the production of fragments of charge Z = 6 and Z = 7 in collisions of 160 beam nuclei at energies of 60 GeV/nucleon and 200 GeV/nucleon in targets H, C, CR39, CH2, AI, Cu, Ag and Pb. Total charge changing cross sections due to the process of electromagnetic dissociation are calculated based on a theoretical model and found to be consistent with total and partial electromagnetic dissociation cross sections derived from this experiment. The energy dependence of pure nuclear fragmentation is investigated. PACS: 25.70. Np;

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Section: A Theoretical Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We checked the validity of a theoretical model by Bertulani and Baur [10] describing the process of ED using virtual photon spectra from [11] and the energy dependent photo cross sections for 160 nuclei from nucleon emission threshold ~ 10 MeV up to 5000 MeV [12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fragmentation cross sections of16O at 60 and 200 GeV/nucleon

Brechtmann

Heinrich

1988

Z. Physik A - Atomic Nuclei

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“…Most important in this respect is the collective giant dipole resonance, and the energy and angular distributions of the emerging photonuclear fragments therefore depend strongly on the photon energy and the target nuclei (Hayward 1970). For photon energies above 30 MeV, the dominant processes are photoneutron and photoproton production where the (γ , n ) and (γ , p) cross sections are rather similar in magnitude and shape (Fuller 1985). The photoneutron reaction is of main interest in this study since photoproton reactions do not generally generate positron-emitting radionuclides and hence do not contribute to the PET activity.…”

Section: Photonuclear Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main photoneutron reactions resulting in the production of the positron-emitting radionuclides are 12 C(γ , n) 11 C, 14 N(γ , n) (Gudowska et al 1999). Positron emitters 11 C and 12 C(γ , 2n) 10 C. However, the integrated photonuclear cross sections for these reactions constitute, respectively, 0.5%, 0.8%, 3.5% and 0.2% of the respective integrated photoneutron cross section (Fuller 1985). As shown in figure 1, the peaks of the photoneutron cross sections, σ γ ,n (E), are often in the photon energy range 18-25 MeV.…”

Section: Photonuclear Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of dose delivery verification by PET imaging of photonuclear reactions following high energy photon therapy

et al. 2006

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A method for dose delivery monitoring after high energy photon therapy has been investigated based on positron emission tomography (PET). The technique is based on the activation of body tissues by high energy bremsstrahlung beams, preferably with energies well above 20 MeV, resulting primarily in 11 C and 15 O but also 13 N, all positron-emitting radionuclides produced by photoneutron reactions in the nuclei of 12 C, 16 O and 14 N. A PMMA phantom and animal tissue, a frozen hind leg of a pig, were irradiated to 10 Gy and the induced positron activity distributions were measured off-line in a PET camera a couple of minutes after irradiation. The accelerator used was a Racetrack Microtron at the Karolinska University Hospital using 50 MV scanned photon beams. From photonuclear cross-section data integrated over the 50 MV photon fluence spectrum the predicted PET signal was calculated and compared with experimental measurements. Since measured PET images change with time post irradiation, as a result of the different decay times of the radionuclides, the signals from activated 12 C, 16 O and 14 N within the irradiated volume could be separated from each other. Most information is obtained from the carbon and oxygen radionuclides which are the most abundant elements in soft tissue. The predicted and measured overall positron activities are almost equal (−3%) while the predicted activity originating from nitrogen is overestimated by almost a factor of two, possibly due to experimental noise. Based on the results obtained in this first feasibility study the great value of a combined radiotherapy-PET-CT unit is indicated in order to fully exploit the high activity signal from oxygen immediately after treatment and to avoid patient repositioning. With an RT-PET-CT unit a high signal could be collected even at a dose level of 2 Gy and the acquisition time for the PET could be reduced considerably. Real patient dose delivery verification by means of PET imaging seems to

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“…Since the photoproton cross section on 12C is large (and exceeds the photoneutron cross section), the Dietrich and Berman compilations of photoneutron data cannot be used to obtain the total photoabsorption cross section. Instead, these cross sections were taken from the Fuller evaluation [75], which is based upon absorption measurements by Ahrens et al [76].…”

Section: Level Densities and Discrete Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluated cross-section libraries and kerma factors for neutrons up to 100 MeV on {sup 12}C

Chadwick¹,

Blann²,

Cox³

et al. 1995

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DIscLAlMERThis document was pwpared s an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the UNversity of California nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expres or implied, or aseumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference Abstract A program is being carried out at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to develop high-energy evaluated nuclear data libraries for use in Monte Carlo simulations of cancer radiation therapy. In this report we describe evaluated cross sections and kerma factors for neutrons with incident energies up to 100 MeV on 12C; in subsequent reports we shall describe our high-energy libraries for neutrons on I4N, l60, 31P and 40Ca, as well as accelerator collimator and shielding materials. The aim of this effort is to incorporate advanced nuclear physics modeling methods, with new experimental measurements, to generate cross section libraries needed for an accurate simulation of dose deposition in fast neutron therapy.The evaluated libraries are based mainly on nuclear model calculations, benchmarked to experimental measurements where they exist. We use the GNASH code system, which includes Hauser-Feshbach, preequilibrium, and direct reaction mechanisms. The libraries tabulate elastic and nonelastic cross sections, angle-energy correlated production spectra for light ejectiles with A54, and kinetic energies given to light ejectiles and heavy recoil fragments. The major steps involved in this effort are: (1) development and validation of nuclear models for incident energies up to 100 MeV; (2) collation of experimental measurements, including new results from Louvain-la-Nueve and Los Alamos; (3) extension of the Livermore ENDL formats for representing highenergy data; (4) calculation and evaluation of nuclear data; and (5) validation of the libraries. We describe the evaluations in detail, with particu1a.r emphasis on our new high-energy modeling developments. Our evaluations agree well with experimental measurements of integrated and differential cross sections. We compare our results with the recent ENDF/B-VI cvaluatioii which extends up to 32 MeV. We also compare kerma factors resulting from our evaluated microscopic cross sections with measurements, providing an important integral benchmarking of the libraries. The evaluated libraries are described and illustrated in detail. bmJBVnON OF MIS.. Contents AbstractA program is being carried out at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to develop high-energy evaluated nuclear data libraries for use in Monte Carlo simulations of cancer radiation therapy. In this report we describe evaluated cross sections and kerma factors for neutrons with incident energies up to 100 MeV on 12C; in subsequent reports we shall describe our high-energy libraries for neutrons on I4N, l60, 31P and 40Ca, ...

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Photonuclear reaction cross sections for 12C, 14N and 16O

Cited by 69 publications

References 83 publications

Fragmentation cross sections of16O at 60 and 200 GeV/nucleon

Fragmentation cross sections of16O at 60 and 200 GeV/nucleon

Development of dose delivery verification by PET imaging of photonuclear reactions following high energy photon therapy

Evaluated cross-section libraries and kerma factors for neutrons up to 100 MeV on {sup 12}C

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