Photonics-Based Millimeter-Wave Band Remote Beamforming of Array-Antenna Integrated With Photodiode Using Variable Optical Delay Line and Attenuator

Nagayama, Tatsuya; Akiba, S.; Tomura, Takashi; Hirokawa, Jiro

doi:10.1109/jlt.2018.2821185

Cited by 36 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The second promising technology is photonic beamforming networks. In this approach, radio frequency phase shifts are obtained either using a single mode fibre or variable optical delay lines [143], [144].…”

Section: Future Work and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circuit Type Multiple Beamforming Networks for Antenna Arrays in 5G and 6G Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks

2021

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To support the ever-increasing demand on connectivity and datarates, multiple beam antennas are identified as a critical technology for the fifth generation (5G), the sixth generation (6G) and more generally beyond 5G (B5G) wireless communication links in both terrestrial networks (TNs) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). To reduce the cost and power consumption, there is a marked industrial interest in adopting analogue multiple beam antenna array technology. A key sub-system in many of such antenna arrays is the circuit type multiple beamforming network (BFN). This has led to a significantly renewed interest in and new technological developments of Butler matrices, Blass matrices, and Nolen matrices as well as hybrid structures, mostly at millimeter-wave frequencies. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no comprehensive analysis and comparison of circuit type multiple BFNs have been properly reported with focus on 5 G and 6 G applications to date. In this paper, the principle of operation, design, and implementation of different circuit type multiple BFNs are discussed and compared. The suitability of these sub-systems for 5 G and B5G antenna arrays is reviewed. Major technology and research challenges are highlighted. It is expected that this review paper will facilitate further innovation and developments in this important field.INDEX TERMS Fifth generation (5G), sixth generation (6G), beyond 5G (B5G), multiple beam antenna arrays, circuit type beamforming networks (BFNs), Blass matrix, Butler matrix, Nolen matrix, terrestrial network (TN), non-terrestrial network (NTN).This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination. GUO ET AL.: CIRCUIT TYPE MULTIPLE BEAMFORMING NETWORKS FOR ANTENNA ARRAYS FIGURE 1. General Layout of a multibeam cellular antenna using 1D circuit type BFNs.

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Section: Future Work and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circuit Type Multiple Beamforming Networks for Antenna Arrays in 5G and 6G Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks

2021

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“…There are many principles that can be exploited for realizing a TTD in the optical domain. Differential delays can be introduced through spatial switching or tuning of the propagation path [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] or transmission over a dispersive medium for which its wavelength-dependent dispersion slope suffices the required amount of phase delay [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Switched binary delays realized through fiber-optic [12,14,19,20,23] or waveguide-based delay lines [31,32] lead to a discretization of the obtained delay, which is an undesired characteristic for 5G beamforming.…”

Section: State-of-the-art In True-time Delays and Photonic-assisted Rf Beamformersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Differential delays can be introduced through spatial switching or tuning of the propagation path [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] or transmission over a dispersive medium for which its wavelength-dependent dispersion slope suffices the required amount of phase delay [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Switched binary delays realized through fiber-optic [12,14,19,20,23] or waveguide-based delay lines [31,32] lead to a discretization of the obtained delay, which is an undesired characteristic for 5G beamforming. Contrarily, wavelengthtuned transmission over media featuring chromatic dispersion, such as single-mode fiber [21,25,28] or linearly chirped Bragg gratings [22,24,27,30], provides a continuous delay setting, yet it requires a precise and stable optical source.…”

Section: State-of-the-art In True-time Delays and Photonic-assisted Rf Beamformersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analog Coherent-Optical Mobile Fronthaul With Integrated Photonic Beamforming

Milovančev

Vokić

Löschenbrand

et al. 2021

IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun.

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We present a mobile fronthaul methodology for the analogue optical transmission of native radio signals with integrated photonic true-time delay for the beam steering of phased-array antennas. Laser-based coherent homodyne detectors and the delay dissemination through ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing ensure a low complexity at the optical layer. We experimentally demonstrate beamsteering for a linear phased-array antenna with a 1×3 configuration at 3.5 GHz carrier frequency and prove native radio signal transmission over the 14.3-km reach coherent optical fronthaul at a low endto-end error vector magnitude of 3.3%. Experimental results are found to stand in good agreement with theoretical predictions.

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“…The phase shifting process can be performed using Optical Beam Forming Networks (OBFNs) which are True Time Delay (TDD) devices and provide squint free beams [3]. The OBFNs are preferably located at the Central Unit (CU) and multi-core fibers (MCFs) are used to convey the phase shifted optical signals to the Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) [4]. The RF modulated, phase shifted optical carriers are detected, amplified and feed the antenna array elements, greatly simplifying the RRHs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MCF Skew Estimation at the Receiver for ARoF Antenna Beamforming

Νίκας¹,

Pikasis²,

Karabetsos³

et al. 2020

Optical Network Design and Modeling

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Multicore fibers can be used for Radio over Fiber transmission of mmwave signals for phased array antennas in 5G networks. The inter-core skew of these fibers distorts the radiation pattern and has to be measured and compensated. We propose a method to accurately measure the differential delays remotely, after installation, without intervening heavily with the transmitter setup. The properties of the phase response measured at a distant receiver are exploited to acquire the differential delays among the antenna array elements.

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Photonics-Based Millimeter-Wave Band Remote Beamforming of Array-Antenna Integrated With Photodiode Using Variable Optical Delay Line and Attenuator

Cited by 36 publications

References 8 publications

Circuit Type Multiple Beamforming Networks for Antenna Arrays in 5G and 6G Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks

Circuit Type Multiple Beamforming Networks for Antenna Arrays in 5G and 6G Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks

Analog Coherent-Optical Mobile Fronthaul With Integrated Photonic Beamforming

MCF Skew Estimation at the Receiver for ARoF Antenna Beamforming

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