Photonic crystals through holographic lithography: Simple cubic, diamond-like, and gyroid-like structures

Abstract

We show how to fabricate three basic photonic crystal structures with simple cubic, fcc, and bcc translational symmetry by interference lithography. The structures are fabricable by the interference of beams launched from the same half space. The simple cubic structure is size scalable while the structure with fcc translational symmetry possesses two band gaps. Both these structures are experimentally realized.

Fabricating complex three-dimensional nanostructures with high-resolution conformable phase masks

“…Their limited depth of focus, however, makes it challenging to fabricate directly the types of 3D nanostructures that are important for many areas of nanotechnology. New methods based on colloidal sedimentation (4-10), polymer phase separation (11)(12)(13)(14)(15), templated growth (16)(17)(18), fluidic self-assembly (19,20), multiple beam interference lithography (21)(22)(23)(24), and various approaches based on printing, molding, and writing (1,3,25,26) are all useful for building different classes of 3D nanostructures. Nevertheless, each has limitations in the geometries and sizes of patterns that it can form.…”

Transport and Electro‐Optical Properties in Polymeric Self‐Assembled Systems

“…For certain large area applications, simpler techniques could be more suitable. Spontaneous self-assembly of colloids [375], synthetic opals [379][380][381][382][383][384], inverted opals [379,[385][386][387] and block copolymers [218,219,221,378,[388][389][390][391][392][393][394][395][396][397][398][399][400][401][402], on the other hand, allows the preparation of small enough structures. Although self-assembly leads to a well-defined local order and offers a potentially low-cost method for the production of photonic crystals, it is nontrivial to achieve perfectly ordered structures over the macroscopic length scale combining carefully engineered defects.…”

Photonic band-gap structures of core-shell simple cubic crystals from holographic lithography

“…In comparison, the simple cubic P (Pm3m) structure can be sizescalable via triple exposures of a two-beam interference pattern, where the angle between the beams of the individual gratings can be varied. 20 This primitive structure shows a relatively wide and full PBG with a maximum gap to mid-gap ratio of 13% between 5th and 6th bands for a dielectric contrast of 13:1 and a volume fraction of 0.26. 21 Moreover, the pseudo gaps along the (100) direction (X-gap) in the simple cubic structure are very wide and appeared over a large range of filling ratios.…”

“…The maximum PBG is found at t 1 = 0.83 -0.85 with n d = 3.50, and the corresponding volume fraction is 0.25 -0.26, which agrees well with the results from literature. 20 Then, we optimize t 2 to maximize the complete bandgap width while keeping the t 1 fixed (i.e., core-shell structure). For t 1 ranging from 0.65 to 0.90, the maximum PBG is obtained at t 2 = 2.5 -2.7, which is smaller than t 2 = 3.0 required for a completely filled simple cubic structure (see Fig 2(a)).…”

“…2 and two-parameters, t 1 and t 2 , for the outer and inner surfaces of dielectric materials (n = n d ), respectively. 20 The band structures of the PC are calculated using the MIT photonic bands (MPB) software package. 24 We first calculate the complete PBG with only a single parameter t 1 (i.e., completely filled structure) ranging from 0.6 to 0.9.…”