Photonic Crystals Based on Periodic Arrays of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes

Kempa, Krzysztof; Kimball, Brian R.; Rybczyński, J.; Huang, Zhongping; Wu, Pengfei; Steeves, D.; Sennett, Michael; Giersig, Michael; Rao, D. V. G. L. N.; Carnahan, David; Wang, D. Z.; Lao, Jieer; Li, W. Z.; Z, Ren

doi:10.1021/nl0258271

Cited by 296 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…102 Furthermore, NSL has been used to create templates for the directed growth or attachment of other materials. For example, periodic arrays of quantum dots, 103 aligned carbon nanotubes, 104 and aligned zinc oxide nanorods 105 have all been produced using templates fabricated by NSL. Thus, numerous nanomaterials may be precisely fabricated by NSL for controlled studies of their unique properties.…”

Section: Nanosphere Lithographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticle Dissolution Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Kent

Vikesland

2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

125

129

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Incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into an increasing number of consumer products has led to concern over the potential ecological impacts of their unintended release to the environment. Dissolution is an important environmental transformation that affects the form and concentration of AgNPs in natural waters; however, studies on AgNP dissolution kinetics are complicated by nanoparticle aggregation. Herein, nanosphere lithography (NSL) was used to fabricate uniform arrays of AgNPs immobilized on glass substrates. Nanoparticle immobilization enabled controlled evaluation of AgNP dissolution in an air-saturated phosphate buffer (pH 7, 25 °C) under variable NaCl concentrations in the absence of aggregation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to monitor changes in particle morphology and dissolution. Over the first day of exposure to ≥10 mM NaCl, the in-plane AgNP shape changed from triangular to circular, the sidewalls steepened, and the height increased by 6-12 nm. Subsequently, particle height and inplane radius decreased at a constant rate over a 2-week period. Dissolution rates varied linearly from 0.4 to 2.2 nm/d over the 10-550 mM NaCl concentration range tested. NaCl-catalyzed dissolution of AgNPs may play an important role in AgNP fate in saline waters and biological media. This study demonstrates the utility of NSL and AFM for the direct investigation of unaggregated AgNP dissolution.iii Acknowledgements I thank my advisor, Dr. Peter Vikesland, for his insight, guidance, and innovative ideas throughout my time at Virginia Tech, and for giving me the opportunity to work on this research project. He was ready and available to help whenever I needed his input. I also thank the other members of my committee,

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Section: Nanosphere Lithographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticle Dissolution Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Kent

Vikesland

2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

125

129

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“…Typically, techniques such as sputter coating and electron beam evaporation [2,8,9] are used to deposit material through the void space of the polystyrene mask, resulting in a quasitriangular array of nanostructures as shown in figure 1. Much work has then been done towards the growth of carbon nanotubes on metallic catalyst arrays generated from nanosphere lithography [2,8,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Much work has then been done towards the growth of carbon nanotubes on metallic catalyst arrays generated from nanosphere lithography [2,8,10]. For the growth of single walled carbon nanotubes round catalysts are required with the diameter of the nanotube being directly proportional to the catalyst particle size [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the growth of single walled carbon nanotubes round catalysts are required with the diameter of the nanotube being directly proportional to the catalyst particle size [2]. Hence additional steps such as ammonia plasma etching or high temperature annealing of the quasi triangular nanostructures is required to obtain an array of round nanostructures [8,10]. With the use of thermal evaporation the polystyrene nanosphere mask can be annealed during material deposition resulting in round nanostructures in one step.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanosphere lithography using thermal evaporation of gold

2006

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-Nanosphere lithography, which allows for the fabrication of patterned metal surfaces, is a simple, effective and unconventional technique that exploits a selfassembly process. Using this technique, polystyrene nanospheres with diameters of 500nm, and 1 m were assembled onto a 'muscovite' mica substrate in a hexagonally close packed monolayer array, to provide a physical mask for material deposition. Thermal evaporation was subsequently used to deposit gold through the nanosphere mask layer, to generate a periodic array of gold nanostructures. Upon changing the mask to a multilayered array of nanospheres, slightly more complex nanostructures were achieved. However due to thermal evaporation being a high temperature process the nanostructures obtained deviated from their predicted quasi triangular shape due to a slight annealing of the polystyrene mask.

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“…Carbon nanotubes, being high-quality dielectric nanomaterial with extraordinary mechanical properties, is a promising constituent for fabrication of 2D photonic crystals [30][31][32][33][34]. Due to appropriate relation between dielectric and conductive properties of carbon nanotubes, a triangular lattice of aligned carbon nanotubes exhibits the effect of negative index of refraction [34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Index of refraction of a photonic crystal of carbon nanotubes and homogenization of optically anisotropic periodic composites

Gumen

Krokhin

2008

Low Temperature Physics

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We consider the long-wavelength limit for a periodic arrangement of carbon nanotubes. Using the Fourier expansion method we develop an effective-medium theory for photonic crystal of aligned optically anisotropic cylinders. Exact analytical formulas for the effective dielectric constants for the E and H eigenmodes are obtained for arbitrary 2D Bravais lattice and arbitrary cross-section of anisotropic cylinders. It is shown that depending on the symmetry of the unit cell photonic crystal of anisotropic cylinders behaves in the low-frequency limit like uniaxial or biaxial optical crystal. The developed theory of homogenization is in a good agreement with existing experimental results for the dielectric tensor of photonic crystals of carbon nanotubes.

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Photonic Crystals Based on Periodic Arrays of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes

Cited by 296 publications

References 23 publications

Controlled Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticle Dissolution Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Controlled Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticle Dissolution Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Nanosphere lithography using thermal evaporation of gold

Index of refraction of a photonic crystal of carbon nanotubes and homogenization of optically anisotropic periodic composites

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