Photonic Crystal Fibres PCF for Different Sensors in Review

Tawfiq, Zainab H.; Fakhri, Makram A.; Adnan, Salah A.

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/454/1/012173

Cited by 28 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The Arrhenius relation was used to calculate the activation energy 158 – 160 : where the conductivities of carriers are denoted by the symbol σ, σ° represents the temperature of the independent portion conductivity, Ea denotes the necessary amount of energy for activation, then tn, constant of Boltzman (K), and the temperature, denoted by the letter T, is expressed as a value in Kelvin (k) unit. The activation energy values as a function of Ag concentration in the Ag–WO 3 samples are listed in Table 6 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesoporous Ag@WO3 core–shell, an investigation at different concentrated environment employing laser ablation in liquid

Salim,

Saimon,

Muhsin

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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In this study, silver-tungsten oxide core–shell nanoparticles (Ag–WO3 NPs) were synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquid employing a (1.06 µm) Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, at different Ag colloidal concentration environment (different core concentration). The produced Ag–WO3 core–shell NPs were subjected to characterization using UV–visible spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy, electrical analysis, and photoluminescence PL. The UV–visible spectra exhibited distinct absorption peaks at around 200 and 405 nm, which attributed to the occurrence of surface Plasmon resonance of Ag NPs and WO3 NPs, respectively. The absorbance values of the Ag–WO3 core–shell NPs increased as the core concentrations rose, while the band gap decreased by 2.73–2.5 eV, The (PL) results exhibited prominent peaks with a central wavelength of 456, 458, 458, 464, and 466 nm. Additionally, the PL intensity of the Ag–WO3-NP samples increased proportionally with the concentration of the core. Furthermore, the redshift seen at the peak of the PL emission band may be attributed to the quantum confinement effect. EDX analysis can verify the creation process of the Ag–WO3 core–shell nanostructure. XRD analysis confirms the presence of Ag and WO3 (NPs). The TEM images provided a good visualization of the core-spherical shell structure of the Ag–WO3 core–shell NPs. The average size of the particles ranged from 30.5 to 89 (nm). The electrical characteristics showed an increase in electrical conductivity from (5.89 × 10−4) (Ω cm)−1 to (9.91 × 10−4) (Ω cm)−1, with a drop in average activation energy values of (0.155 eV) and (0.084 eV) at a concentration of 1.6 μg/mL of silver.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesoporous Ag@WO3 core–shell, an investigation at different concentrated environment employing laser ablation in liquid

Salim,

Saimon,

Muhsin

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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“…The refractive index of silica glass n s core changes with wavelength λ in unite of µm according to the Sellmeier equation ( 1 ) 18 – 23 : where a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , b 1 , b 2 , and b 3 represent Sellmeier coefficients as mentioned in references 24 – 26 .…”

Section: Theory and Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A gold nanoparticles coated unclad single mode fiber-optic sensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance

Fakhri

Salim

Tariq

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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In the last few decays, the fiber-optic was employed in the field of sensing because of its benefits in contrast to other types of sensors such as small size, easy to fabricate, high response, and flexibility. In this study, unclad single mode fiber-optic sensor is proposed to operate at 650 nm wavelength. COMSOL Multiphysics 5.1 finite element method (FEM) is used to design the sensor and tested it theoretically. The middle portion of the fiber cladding is removed and replaced by gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) of 50 nm thickness. Analytic layer of 3 μm thickness was immersed in different liquids in range of refractive index (RI) from 1.000281 to 1.39. These liquids are NaCl Deionized (DI) water solution, sucrose-Deionized (DI) water solution, and glycerol solution Deionized (DI) water. It was found that the highest obtained sensitivity and resolution are for glycerol-DI water solution with value of 3157.98 (nm/RIU) and 3.16 × 10–5 (RIU), respectively. Furthermore, it is easy to fabricate and of low cost. In experiments, pulsed laser ablation (PLA) was used to prepare Au NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shown that the peak of the intensity grew as the ablated energy increased as well as the structure crystallization. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed an average diameter of 30 nm at the three ablated energies, while X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectrum has indicated the presence of Au NPs in the prepared solution. The photoluminescence (PL) and ultraviolet–visible UV–Vis transmission were used to study the optical properties of the prepared Au NPs. An optical spectrum analyzer was used to obtain the sensor's output results. It has shown that best intensity was obtained for sucrose which confined with theoretical results.

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“…These plasmonic fibre devices create localised surface plasmons [18] or can create a super-structured localised surface plasmons [44], see Figure 5f. Fourthly, is the use of photonic crystal fibre (PCF) [45], there are a myriad of geometric configurations of PCFs. These types of optical fibre product various propagating modes of light that can be close to the surface of the fibre and thus able to excite surface plasmons on the metal coatings, see Figure 5g.…”

Section: Optical Platforms and Various Strategies Applied To Creatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This can be thought of as the degree of coupling that occurs between the tapered core mode and the tapered cladding modes, this is adiabatic and coupling between all supported modes in the taper, such as, tapered cladding to cladding modes. The Slowness Criterion [45] is used to determine the tapers coupling abilities, the magnitude of the gradient of the radius of the fibre along the taper should be significantly smaller than the beat length between the two modes with the closest propagation constants [46]. Otherwise strong mode coupling is to be expected and yielding non-adiabatic mode evolution.…”

Section: Optical Platforms and Various Strategies Applied To Creatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The final classification is the use of photonic crystal fibre, there are a myriad of various geometries of fibres being used and investigated and fabricated [45]. At present there seems to be more practical issues to be addressed using PCF as an optical platform for fibre plasmonic sensing devices.…”

Section: Optical Platforms and Various Strategies Applied To Creatmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review: Evolution and Diversity of Optical Fibre Plasmonic Sensors

Allsop

Neal

2019

Sensors

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The purpose of this review is to bring to the attention of the wider research community how two quite different optical sensory techniques were integrated resulting in a sensor device of exceptional sensitivity with wide ranging capability. Both authors have collaborated over a 20 year period, each researching initially surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and optical fibre Bragg grating devices. Our individual research, funded in part by EPSRC and industry into these two areas, converged, resulting in a device that combined the ultra-sensitive working platform of SPR behavior with that of fibre Bragg grating development, which provided a simple method for SPR excitation. During this period, they developed a new approach to the fabrication of nano-structured metal coatings for plasmonic devices and demonstrated on fibre optic platform, which has created an ultra-sensitive optical sensing platform. Both authors believe that the convergence of these two areas will create opportunities in detection and sensing yet to be realised. Furthermore, giving the reader “sign-post” research articles to help to construct models to design sensors and to understand their experimental results.

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Photonic Crystal Fibres PCF for Different Sensors in Review

Cited by 28 publications

References 16 publications

Mesoporous Ag@WO3 core–shell, an investigation at different concentrated environment employing laser ablation in liquid

Mesoporous Ag@WO3 core–shell, an investigation at different concentrated environment employing laser ablation in liquid

A gold nanoparticles coated unclad single mode fiber-optic sensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance

A Review: Evolution and Diversity of Optical Fibre Plasmonic Sensors

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