Photonic crystal biosensors towards on‐chip integration

Threm, Daniela; Nazirizadeh, Yousef; Gerken, Martina

doi:10.1002/jbio.201200039

Cited by 90 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…[4][5][6] The detection principle is based on a change in the refractive index, and hence the transduced signal caused by the specific binding of the biomolecule of interest to its specific conjugate biomolecule receptor bound to the optical device substrate. The device sensitivity is determined by the magnitude of light-matter interaction.…”

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confidence: 99%

Analysis of ultra-high sensitivity configuration in chip-integrated photonic crystal microcavity bio-sensors

Chakravarty

Hosseini

et al. 2014

Applied Physics Letters

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We analyze the contributions of quality factor, fill fraction, and group index of chip-integrated resonance microcavity devices, to the detection limit for bulk chemical sensing and the minimum detectable biomolecule concentration in biosensing. We analyze the contributions from analyte absorbance, as well as from temperature and spectral noise. Slow light in two-dimensional photonic crystals provide opportunities for significant reduction of the detection limit below 1 Â 10 À7 RIU (refractive index unit) which can enable highly sensitive sensors in diverse application areas. We demonstrate experimentally detected concentration of 1 fM (67 fg/ml) for the binding between biotin and avidin, the lowest reported till date. V C 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4875903]In recent years, various integrated optical devices have been developed for label-free bio-sensing such as ring resonators, 1 wire waveguides, 2 surface plasmon resonance (SPR), 3 and photonic crystal (PC) microcavities. [4][5][6] The detection principle is based on a change in the refractive index, and hence the transduced signal caused by the specific binding of the biomolecule of interest to its specific conjugate biomolecule receptor bound to the optical device substrate. The device sensitivity is determined by the magnitude of light-matter interaction.For early bio-pathogen detection, a sensor with highest sensitivity is desired. The sensitivity is measured by the magnitude of the resonance wavelength shift for a fixed concentration, as well as the minimum concentration that can be detected. Initial PC designs focused on donor defect modes such as in a L4 microcavity (4 missing holes) 7 or acceptor defect modes 8 as in H1 defect cavities, in a triangular lattice of air holes. Later, designs increased the analyte overlap with cavity modes, also referred as fill fraction, for enhanced sensitivity. 9 Recently, we showed that an increased cavity length results in an increase in the quality factor (Q-factor) of the resonance mode 10-12 that allows smaller changes in concentration to be distinguished. The high Q enhances the interaction time between the optical mode and the analyte while the larger mode volume results in larger fill fraction, both factors resulting in higher sensitivity We demonstrated experimentally in our side-coupled two-dimensional (2D) PC cavity-waveguide architecture that the magnitude of the slow-down factor in the coupling waveguide contributes to enhanced light-matter interaction. 11 Over successive generations, we demonstrated experimentally 50 fM (3.35 pg/ml) sensitivity to the detection of the specific binding of avidin to biotin 12 with a L55 type PC microcavity (55 missing holes).A question still remains about the relative merits of Q-factor, fill fraction, and group index, when considered in conjunction with different sources of noise in measurements, in order to achieve low detection limits in chip-integrated photonic sensors. While an increased modal overlap with the analyte lowers the detection limit...

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confidence: 99%

Analysis of ultra-high sensitivity configuration in chip-integrated photonic crystal microcavity bio-sensors

Chakravarty

Hosseini

et al. 2014

Applied Physics Letters

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“…Grating waveguides have been studied throughout the last decades and show high potential for integrated sensing applications (Rosenblatt et al 1997;Threm et al 2012). They have been studied for label-free biosensing (Cunningham et al 2015;Jahns et al 2015;Nazirizadeh et al 2016), to increase the light outcoupling from organic light-emitting diodes (Kluge et al 2014) and to improve the efficiency of solar cells (Zeng et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation methods for multiperiodic and aperiodic nanostructured dielectric waveguides

et al. 2017

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Nanostructured dielectric waveguides are of high interest for biosensing applications, light emitting devices as well as solar cells. Multiperiodic and aperiodic nanostructures allow for custom-designed spectral properties as well as near-field characteristics with localized modes. Here, a comparison of experimental results and simulation results obtained with three different simulation methods is presented. We fabricated and characterized multiperiodic nanostructured dielectric waveguides with two and three compound periods as well as deterministic aperiodic nanostructured waveguides based on Rudin-Shapiro, Fibonacci, and Thue-Morse binary sequences. The near-field and far-field properties are computed employing the finite-element method (FEM), the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method as well as a rigorous coupled wave algorithm (RCWA). The results show that all three methods are suitable for the simulation of the above mentioned structures. Only small computational differences are obtained in the near fields and transmission characteristics. For the compound multiperiodic structures the simulations correctly predict the general shape of the experimental transmission spectra with number and magnitude of transmission dips. For the aperiodic nanostructures the agreement between simulations and measurements decreases, which we attribute to imperfect fabrication at smaller feature sizes.

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“…The transducer transforms the binding kinetics into a detectable signal. Using photonic crystal slabs (PCS) as the transducer a label-free, compact, and cost-efficient system may be realized [8][9][10]. PCS are waveguides with a periodic nanostructure in a high refractive index material supporting quasi-guided modes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging label-free biosensor with microfluidic system

et al. 2015

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We present a microfluidic system suitable for parallel label-free detection of several biomarkers utilizing a compact imaging measurement system. The microfluidic system contains a filter unit to separate the plasma from human blood and a functionalized, photonic crystal slab sensor chip. The nanostructure of the photonic crystal slab sensor chip is fabricated by nanoimprint lithography of a period grating surface into a photoresist and subsequent deposition of a TiO 2 layer. Photonic crystal slabs are slab waveguides supporting quasi-guided modes coupling to far-field radiation, which are sensitive to refractive index changes due to biomarker binding on the functionalized surface. In our imaging read-out system the resulting resonance shift of the quasi-guided mode in the transmission spectrum is converted into an intensity change detectable with a simple camera. By continuously taking photographs of the sensor surface local intensity changes are observed revealing the binding kinetics of the biomarker to its specific target. Data from two distinct measurement fields are used for evaluation. For testing the sensor chip, 1 µM biotin as well as 1 µM recombinant human CD40 ligand wereimmobilized in spotsvia amin coupling to the sensor surface. Each binding experiment was performed with 250 nM streptavidin and 90 nM CD40 ligand antibody dissolved in phosphate buffered saline. In the next test series, a functionalized sensor chip was bonded onto a 15 mm x 15 mm opening of the 75 mm x 25 mm x 2 mm microfluidic system. We demonstrate the functionality of the microfluidic system for filtering human blood such that only blood plasma was transported to the sensor chip. The results of first binding experiments in buffer with this test chip will be presented.

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Photonic crystal biosensors towards on‐chip integration

Cited by 90 publications

References 81 publications

Analysis of ultra-high sensitivity configuration in chip-integrated photonic crystal microcavity bio-sensors

Analysis of ultra-high sensitivity configuration in chip-integrated photonic crystal microcavity bio-sensors

Simulation methods for multiperiodic and aperiodic nanostructured dielectric waveguides

Imaging label-free biosensor with microfluidic system

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