Photonic Architectures for High-Performance Data Centers

Beausoleil, Raymond G.; McLaren, Moray; Jouppi, Norm

doi:10.1109/jstqe.2012.2236080

Cited by 54 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Fig. 5 (c) shows a resonator with cavity mirrors of some at least moderately large (power) reflectivity R. That resonator leads to an increase of optical energy density by a factor (20), and (21) in Appendix B. )…”

Section: Optical Concentration Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the time of writing this review, we are approximately at the point where, with current and emerging technology, optics is poised to provide at least modest energy reductions for data links compared to electrical approaches, even for relatively short links between cabinets and in backplanes or module connections [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20].…”

Section: A Goals For This Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are two basic approaches to WDM for short-distance interconnects: we can use passive optics to split different wavelengths to photodetectors and to combine signals on different wavelengths from modulators that do not themselves need to be tuned or resonant (see, e.g., [137], [138], [139]); or we can use resonator modulators and/or photodetectors that themselves extract the WDM channels by tuning to specific wavelengths (see, e.g., systems using sets of microring or microdisk resonators, each tuned to a chosen different wavelength [14], [17], [20], [105]). See also [140] for a critical analysis of WDM approaches for dense interconnections.…”

Section: ) Wavelength-division Multiplexing In Short Distance Intercmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Attojoule Optoelectronics for Low-Energy Information Processing and Communications

Miller

2017

J. Lightwave Technol.

567

406

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Optics offers unique opportunities for reducing energy in information processing and communications while simultaneously resolving the problem of interconnect bandwidth density inside machines. Such energy dissipation overall is now at environmentally significant levels; the source of that dissipation is progressively shifting from logic operations to interconnect energies. Without the prospect of substantial reduction in energy per bit communicated, we cannot continue the exponential growth of our use of information. The physics of optics and optoelectronics fundamentally addresses both interconnect energy and bandwidth density, and optics may be the only scalable solution to such problems. Here we summarize the corresponding background, status, opportunities, and research directions for optoelectronic technology and novel optics, including sub-femtojoule devices in waveguide and novel 2D array optical systems. We compare different approaches to low-energy optoelectronic output devices and their scaling, including lasers, modulators and LEDs, optical confinement approaches (such as resonators) to enhance effects, and the benefits of different material choices, including 2D materials and other quantum-confined structures. With such optoelectronic energy reductions, and the elimination of line charging dissipation by the use optical connections, the next major interconnect dissipations are in the electronic circuits for receiver amplifiers, timing recovery and multiplexing. We show we can address these through the integration of photodetectors to reduce or eliminate receiver circuit energies, free-space optics to eliminate the need for timing and multiplexing circuits (while also solving bandwidth density problems), and using optics generally to save power by running large synchronous systems. One target concept is interconnects from ~ 1 cm to ~ 10 m that have the same energy (~ 10fJ/bit) and simplicity as local electrical wires on chip.

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Section: Optical Concentration Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Goals For This Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ) Wavelength-division Multiplexing In Short Distance Intercmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Attojoule Optoelectronics for Low-Energy Information Processing and Communications

Miller

2017

J. Lightwave Technol.

567

406

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“…O PTICAL switches, which are implemented to establish reconfigurable connections between multiple sources and multiple destinations, are essential building blocks for both long-haul optical communications and short-reach photonic networks-on-chip [1]- [3]. Nowadays, the siliconon-insulator (SOI) platform has attracted lots of attention for its high refractive index contrast and its compatibility with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technologies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

$4\times 4$ Silicon Optical Switches Based on Double-Ring-Assisted Mach–Zehnder Interferometers

Zhou

et al. 2015

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

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We present the experimental demonstration of a 4 × 4 silicon electro-optic (EO) switch fabric based on a Benes architecture. Double-ring-assisted Mach-Zehnder interferometers (DR-MZIs) are utilized as the basic switch elements. Silicon resistive microheaters and p-i-n diodes are embedded in both of the microrings of the DR-MZIs for low-loss thermooptic (TO) phase correction and high-speed switching operation, respectively. The TO tuning power dissipated to align all resonances is 22.37 mW. The maximum EO tuning power required to switch all DR-MZIs is only 1.38 mW. The average on-chip insertion loss is in the range of 4-5.8 dB for all switching states. The transmission spectrum measurement shows that the device can perform switching in a ∼35-GHz spectral window with the worst crosstalk being −18.4 dB.

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“…It becomes increasingly promising that the nanophotonic interconnects could replace the electrical links in short-reach applications, such as data centers, interchip, and intra-chip communications [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation-aware adaptive tuning for nanophotonic interconnects

Wu¹,

Chen²,

Li³

et al. 2015

2015 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)

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Short-reach nanophotonic interconnects are promising to solve the communication bottleneck in data centers and chip-level scenarios. However, the nanophotonic interconnects are sensitive to process and thermal variations, especially for the microring structures, resulting in significant variation of an optical link's bit error rate (BER). In this paper, we propose a power-efficient adaptive tuning approach for nanophotonic interconnects to address the variation issues. During the adaptive tuning process, each nanophotonic interconnect is adaptively allocated just enough power to meet the BER requirement. The proposed adaptive tuning approach could reduce the photonic receiver power by 8% -34% than the worst-case based fixed design while achieving the same BER. Our evaluation results show that the adaptive tuning approach scales well with the process variation, the thermal variation and the number of communication nodes, and can accommodate different types of NoC architectures and lasers.

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Photonic Architectures for High-Performance Data Centers

Cited by 54 publications

References 23 publications

Attojoule Optoelectronics for Low-Energy Information Processing and Communications

Attojoule Optoelectronics for Low-Energy Information Processing and Communications

$4\times 4$ Silicon Optical Switches Based on Double-Ring-Assisted Mach–Zehnder Interferometers

Variation-aware adaptive tuning for nanophotonic interconnects

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