Photon sector analysis of Super and Lorentz symmetry breaking: effective photon mass, bi-refringence and dissipation

Abstract

Within the Standard Model Extension (SME), we expand our previous findings on four classes of violations of Super-Symmetry (SuSy) and Lorentz Symmetry (LoSy), differing in the handedness of the Charge conjugation-Parity-Time reversal (CPT) symmetry and in whether considering the impact of photinos on photon propagation. The violations, occurring at the early universe high energies, show visible traces at present in the Dispersion Relations (DRs). For the CPT-odd classes (V µ breaking vector) associated with the Carroll-Field-Jackiw (CFJ) model, the DRs and the Lagrangian show for the photon an effective mass, gauge invariant, proportional to |V|. The group velocity exhibits a classic dependency on the inverse of the frequency squared. For the CPT-even classes (k F breaking tensor), when the photino is considered, the DRs display also a massive behaviour inversely proportional to a coefficient in the Lagrangian and to a term linearly dependent on k F . All DRs display an angular dependence and lack LoSy invariance. In describing our results, we also point out the following properties: i) the appearance of complex or simply imaginary frequencies and super-luminal speeds and ii) the emergence of bi-refringence. Finally, we point out the circumstances for which SuSy and LoSy breakings, possibly in presence of an external field, lead to the non-conservation of the photon energy-momentum tensor. We do so for both CPT sectors. a

Addressing the cosmological $$H_0$$ tension by the Heisenberg uncertainty

“…Finally, assuming the photon mass rigorously equal to zero is not correct from the Heisenberg principle point of view and from the recent analysis of the Standard-Model Extension [23,24]. According to this consideration, the H 0 tension could not require any new physics but only a more accurate discussion of measurements.…”

Frequency variation for in vacuo photon propagation in the Standard-Model Extension

“…Furthermore, we have shown the emergence of birefringence. Finally, for both CPT sectors, we have pointed out the non-conservation of the photon energymomentum tensor in vacuo [6].…”

“…The symbol * stands for the dual field. Starting from the field equation [6] in SI units (µ 0 = 4π × 10 −7 NA −2 ), where we used ∂ α k AF ν − ∂ ν k AF α = 0 for the virtue of gauge invariance, and where F µν = F µν + f µν is the total field…”

“…In two recent works [5,6] on the SME, we have considered violations of LoSy, differing in the handedness of the Charge conjugation-Parity-Time reversal (CPT) symmetry and in whether considering the impact of photinos on photon propagation. We came up with four classes.…”

Dimensional reduction of the electromagnetic sector of the nonminimal standard model extension

“…[15,16]. Apart from that, alternative models incorporating higher derivatives were subject to recent investigations [17][18][19][20][21][22].…”