Photon-cell interactive Monte Carlo model based on the geometric optics theory for photon migration in blood by incorporating both extra- and intracellular pathways

Sakota, Daisuke; Takatani, Setsuo

doi:10.1117/1.3516722

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…A series of processes for randomly oriented RBCs were reported in Ref. 31. As for oriented RBCs, the process is very similar.…”

Section: Rbc Orientation Patterns In Extracorporeal Circuitmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…31 The pciMC models optical interaction at the plasma-cell boundary based on the geometric optics theory. In the first step in the analysis using pciMC, the program calculates the photon step size S from the following equation:…”

Section: Analysis Of Optical Properties Of Flowing Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the previous study, we confirmed that the pciMC model of photon propagation within random orientated RBCs showed good agreement with experimental values of RBC_PBS at no flow condition. 31 To investigate the orientation and distribution of RBCs in other blood media including RBC_Plasma and RBC PBS þ DX, the OD(0) was simulated by pciMC at OR ¼ 0%. The comparisons between the experiments and pciMC simulation results were shown in Fig.…”

Section: Model Validation At Flow Stopmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…30,31 In the pciMC approach, RBCs are expressed mathematically comprising three-dimensional biconcave structure having various MCV, MCHC, and HCT values. The interaction of photons at the plasma-cell boundary is expressed by the geometric optics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative analysis of optical properties of flowing blood using a photon-cell interactive Monte Carlo code: effects of red blood cells’ orientation on light scattering

Sakota

Takatani

2012

J. Biomed. Opt

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Abstract. Optical properties of flowing blood were analyzed using a photon-cell interactive Monte Carlo (pciMC) model with the physical properties of the flowing red blood cells (RBCs) such as cell size, shape, refractive index, distribution, and orientation as the parameters. The scattering of light by flowing blood at the He-Ne laser wavelength of 632.8 nm was significantly affected by the shear rate. The light was scattered more in the direction of flow as the flow rate increased. Therefore, the light intensity transmitted forward in the direction perpendicular to flow axis decreased. The pciMC model can duplicate the changes in the photon propagation due to moving RBCs with various orientations. The resulting RBC's orientation that best simulated the experimental results was with their long axis perpendicular to the direction of blood flow. Moreover, the scattering probability was dependent on the orientation of the RBCs. Finally, the pciMC code was used to predict the hematocrit of flowing blood with accuracy of approximately 1.0 HCT%. The photon-cell interactive Monte Carlo (pciMC) model can provide optical properties of flowing blood and will facilitate the development of the non-invasive monitoring of blood in extra corporeal circulatory systems.

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“…A series of processes for randomly oriented RBCs were reported in Ref. 31. As for oriented RBCs, the process is very similar.…”

Section: Rbc Orientation Patterns In Extracorporeal Circuitmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Analysis Of Optical Properties Of Flowing Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Model Validation At Flow Stopmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Quantitative analysis of optical properties of flowing blood using a photon-cell interactive Monte Carlo code: effects of red blood cells’ orientation on light scattering

Sakota

Takatani

2012

J. Biomed. Opt

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“…Third, dx was obtained from the bottom bearing gap measurement. Finally, the cross‐sectional area of erythrocyte was calculated while assuming that the erythrocyte is a biconcave model . The function of the biconcave erythrocyte surface ( r ( θ )) was defined using the following formula :

r true(θ true) = 3 \sin^{4} θ + 0.75,

where θ is the angle between position vector r and z axis as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Skimming in a Spiral Groove Bearing of a Centrifugal Blood Pump

et al. 2016

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Plasma skimming is a phenomenon in which discharge hematocrit is lower than feed hematocrit in microvessels. Plasma skimming has been investigated at a bearing gap in a spiral groove bearing (SGB), as this has the potential to prevent hemolysis in the SGB of a blood pump. However, it is not clear whether plasma skimming occurs in a blood pump with the SGB, because the hematocrit has not been obtained. The purpose of this study is to verify plasma skimming in an SGB of a centrifugal blood pump by developing a hematocrit measurement method in an SGB. Erythrocyte observation using a high-speed microscope and a bearing gap measurement using a laser confocal displacement meter was performed five times. In these tests, bovine blood as a working fluid was diluted with autologous plasma to adjust the hematocrit to 1.0%. A resistor was adjusted to achieve a pressure head of 100 mm Hg and a flow rate of 5.0 L/min at a rotational speed of 2800 rpm. Hematocrit on the ridge region in the SGB was measured using an image analysis based on motion image of erythrocytes, mean corpuscular volume, the measured bearing gap, and a cross-sectional area of erythrocyte. Mean hematocrit on the ridge region in the SGB was linearly reduced from 0.97 to 0.07% with the decreasing mean bearing gap from 38 to 21 μm when the rotational speed was changed from 2250 to 3000 rpm. A maximum plasma skimming efficiency of 93% was obtained with a gap of 21 μm. In conclusion, we succeeded in measuring the hematocrit on the ridge region in the SGB of the blood pump. Hematocrit decreased on the ridge region in the SGB and plasma skimming occurred with a bearing gap of less than 30 μm in the hydrodynamically levitated centrifugal blood pump.

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Plasma skimming efficiency of human blood in the spiral groove bearing of a centrifugal blood pump

et al. 2020

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This work investigates the plasma skimming effect in a spiral groove bearing within a hydrodynamically levitated centrifugal blood pump when working with human blood having a hematocrit value from 0 to 40%. The present study assessed the evaluation based on a method that clarified the limitations associated with such assessments. Human blood was circulated in a closed-loop circuit via a pump operating at 4000 rpm at a flow rate of 5 L/min. Red blood cells flowing through a ridge area of the bearing were directly observed using a high-speed microscope. The hematocrit value in the ridge area was calculated using the mean corpuscular volume, the bearing gap, the cross-sectional area of a red blood cell, and the occupancy of red blood cells. The latter value was obtained from photographic images by dividing the number of pixels showing red blood cells in the evaluation area by the total number of pixels in this area. The plasma skimming efficiency was calculated as the extent to which the hematocrit of the working blood was reduced in the ridge area. For the hematocrit in the circuit from 0 to 40%, the plasma skimming efficiency was approximately 90%, meaning that the hematocrit in the ridge area became 10% as compared to that in the circuit. For a hematocrit of 20% and over, red blood cells almost completely occupied the ridge. Thus, a valid assessment of plasma skimming was only possible when the hematocrit was less than 20%.

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Photon-cell interactive Monte Carlo model based on the geometric optics theory for photon migration in blood by incorporating both extra- and intracellular pathways

Cited by 9 publications

References 30 publications

Quantitative analysis of optical properties of flowing blood using a photon-cell interactive Monte Carlo code: effects of red blood cells’ orientation on light scattering

Quantitative analysis of optical properties of flowing blood using a photon-cell interactive Monte Carlo code: effects of red blood cells’ orientation on light scattering

Plasma Skimming in a Spiral Groove Bearing of a Centrifugal Blood Pump

Plasma skimming efficiency of human blood in the spiral groove bearing of a centrifugal blood pump

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