Photon and Helium Energy Spectra above 1 TeV for Primary Cosmic Rays

Abstract

Energy spectra of protons and helium nuclei in the primary cosmic rays were measured above 1 TeV in a series of balloon flights of emulsion chambers. Differential spectra may be represented by power laws of indices -2.81 ± 0.13 and -2.83± 0.20 for protons and He, respectively. No index change was observed for either species over the energy ranges 5-500 TeV for protons and 2-50 TeV/nucleon for He. Intensities were consistent with extrapolations of previously published data below 1 TeV/nucleon.

Derivation of Absolute Depth‐Intensity Spectrum under Standard Rock from the Recently Estimated Primary Cosmic Ray Spectrum

“…The directly measured primary spectrum p, He and nuclei fluxes by JACEE 141 and G S X [5] groups gave rather informative results and yield the primary nucleon spectruni [6] which can be used as the hadron source for the generation of muon spectruni in the atmosphere. The recent measurements of the JACEE group [7] concluded that their results agree well in the case of He with the proton-satellite value of GRIGOROV et al [8] at 2 TeV and with the fitted line to the Goddard Space Flight Centre (GSFC) data (RYAN et al [9]), extrapolated to higher energy. JACEE data are found consistent with an extrapolation of the GSFC data.…”

EAS data at the mountain level and a shape of the CR spectrum beyond the break

“…The direct measurements (Grigorov et al, 1970, @;Burnett et al, 1983, @;Burnett et al, 1995, @) have shown that protons part isn't exceed 25% even at energies in hundreds TeV and continues to decrease up to the break in accordance with EAS data (Chatelet et al, 1991, @). It was confirmed by investigation of the N e spectrum for EAS with γ−families in experiment "Hadron", in which a small value of the magnetic rigidity for break in nuclear spectra was received R ≃ 0.1 PV (Shaulov, 1999, @).…”

The Dark Matter in the Universe and the Origin of Cosmic Radiation

“…As pointed out above, the unitons constitute the DM in the bubbles on the surfaces of which the galaxy clusters are distributed. The total energy released upon coalescence of a uniton triplet to form a proton is = E, t E,, (6) where El is the energy contained in the form of radiation and E, is the energy of the proton. E, is given by…”

“…In a recent paper,' one of us pointed out that three major cosmological problems that have confronted particle physicists and cosmologists, namely the initial singularity of the universe, the nature of the dark matter in the universe, and the large-scale structure of the universe, are all solved by the hypothesis that quarks are charged, spin-;, Planck-mass fermions. These particles, whose mass is (k/G)"*g, have been called unitons.8 This hypothesis leads to the following deductions: (1) The initial state of the universe was that of a highly degenerate gas of free unitons at zero K, with zero entropy andfinite volume; (2) The unitons combined gravitationally into triplet linear rotators (the current nucleons) releasing 3 x 1019 GeV per rotator; (3) This energy release produced the Big Bang and the expansion of the universe; (4) The remnant unitons, one per lOI7 nucleons, account for the dark matter in the universe; (5) On a scale of loB parsecs, the distribution of mass, primarily remnant unitons, is uniform; (6) The observed large-scale distribution of galaxies and clusters of galaxies is produced and governed by the dark matter.…”