Photon and Elementary Particles Theory

Abstract

At present, the research of single-photon is a hot topic, it has been widely applied in quantum measurement, quantum entanglement and quantum information. In this paper, we have proposed a new single photon theory, which is the vector potential A rotation at the vertical motion direction of photon, it can produce the microscopic electric field and magnetic field, and they satisfy the Maxwell equations. We have calculated photon spin, momentum, energy, and found there are left-handed and right-handed photon. In addition, we study the multi-photon theory and the dynamics theory between photons interaction. On this basis, we have further given the compound structures of electron, proton, neutron, neutrino, π meson, dark matter with the photon structural theory, and calculated their mass, charge and spin.

Strongly anisotropic spin dynamics in magnetic topological insulators

“…Experimentally, surface states with an origin in the band inversion have been widely observed [1,2,[12][13][14][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] but the * These authors contributed equally to this work. details around the Dirac point are the subject of controversy.…”

Finding faults: A scoping study of fault diagnostics for Industrial Cyber–Physical Systems

“…Data-Driven approaches often scale better than Model-Based techniques [9,8]. As long as sufficient computational resources are available, Data-Driven 685 techniques work as effectively with a large number of sensors as they do with a few [132].…”

“…Unlike Model-Based methods, Data-Driven approaches do not assume the probabilistic distributions of sampled values that Markov processes rely on [9]. Similarly, AI methods, including machine learning, do not rely on processes being stochastic 695 or random.…”

“…Condition monitoring allows Data-Driven fault observers to obtain real-time data about the ICPS they are monitoring. These data points replace the reference values that pre-built Model-Based solutions rely on since AI and machine-learning approaches are model-free [9]. Lee et al [2] and Fleischmann et al [152] describe these techniques in terms of system health monitoring.…”