Photolytic determination of trace amounts of organic material in water

Beattie, James K.; Bricker, Clark E.; Garvin, David A.

doi:10.1021/ac50154a030

Cited by 40 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Attempts to use irradiation in small ampoules, for photo-oxidation of carbon compounds to carbon dioxide prior to determination by infra-red absorption determination as in the method of Menzel & Vaccaro (1964) are likely to fail because of high blanks from carbon dioxide liberated by fused quartz (Beattie, Bricker & Garvin, 1961). Irradiation in larger vessels with a more favourable surface-to-volume ratio should mitigate this problem, and with sample volumes greater than 100 c.c.…”

Section: Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photochemical combustion of organic matter in sea water, for nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon determination

1968

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AND SUSAN TIBBITTSThe Plymouth Laboratory (Text-figs. 1 and 2) A photochemical reactor, using a medium power mercury arc lamp for oxidation of organic matter in sea water, is described. The decomposition of some known compounds in distilled water and in sea water, using a 380 W lamp, was followed. First order kinetics with rate constants in the range o-2-4'0 h~x were observed. All the nitrogen compounds tested, including urea and some of its derivatives, were oxidized quantitatively. Breakdown of phosphorus compounds was rapid, but polyphosphate esters yielded polyphosphate ion which was only slowly hydrolysed to reactive orthophosphate. If polyphosphate is to be determined, hydrolysis by heating with acid should follow the irradiation. Some samples of English Channel water contained 0-02-O-05 fig-axom P/l. as organic polyphosphate.A technique is described for measuring oxygen consumption during irradiation. It provides a method for measuring total biological oxygen demand or an empirical carbon determination.The decomposition of naturally occurring organic compounds in sea water did not follow first-order reaction kinetics and rate constants declined to about onefifth of their initial values as the reaction progressed. The times required for 98 % oxidation of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in sea water were respectively n , 12 and 5 h.Organic nitrogen determinations from some positions in the English Channel are given in graphical form. The fall in the range 2-9 (mean 51) /tg-atom N/l., with little spatial or seasonal variation. There is nearly as much organic as inorganic nitrogen present in these waters.

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Section: Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photochemical combustion of organic matter in sea water, for nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon determination

1968

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“…B. neritina is ideal for this type of study because: (1) the larvae are non-feeding; the only energy available is that provided by the maternal zooid or what can be gained through DOM uptake, (2) the organism has a short larval swimming duration; larvae are competent to metamorphose within 1 h after release, but initiation can be delayed through the use of bright light (Wendt 1996) or curtailed with excess KCl (Wendt and Woolla cott 1995), (3) an extended larval swimming period causes a signiWcant reduction in the ability to initiate and complete metamorphosis, smaller sized individuals after metamorphosis, and decreased postmetamorphic growth and reproduction (Wendt 1996(Wendt , 1998, (4) pre vious work has demonstrated the energetic require ments for larval swimming and metamorphosis; following a 20 h swimming duration, larvae utilize 7 and 28% of their energy reserves for swimming and metamorphosis, respectively (Wendt 2000), and (5) the larvae take up DOM (Jaeckle 1994). A necessary ini tial step in conducting these performance comparisons was to reduce naturally occurring DOM in seawater, which was accomplished by ultraviolet (UV) irradia tion (Beattie et al 1961;Armstrong et al 1966;Arm strong and Tibbitts 1968). Following this, known types and quantities of DOM were added to treated water, thus allowing for comparisons of B. neritina larvae swimming in DOM-depleted and DOM-enriched con ditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Availability of dissolved organic matter offsets metabolic costs of a protracted larval period for Bugula neritina (Bryozoa)

Johnson

Wendt

2006

Mar Biol

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For nearly a century researchers have inves tigated the uptake and utilization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by marine invertebrates, but its contribu tion to their growth, reproduction, and survival remains unclear. Here, the beneWt of DOM uptake was assessed for the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina (Linnaeus 1758) through performance comparisons of individuals in the presence and absence of DOM. The experiments were performed using B. neritina collected from Xoating docks in Beaufort, NC, USA from July to September 2004. Seawater was subjected to ultraviolet irradiation to reduce naturally occurring DOM, and then enriched with either 1 �M of palmitic acid or a mixture containing 1 �M each of glucose, alanine, aspartic acid and glycine. Larvae in DOM-enriched and DOM-reduced treat ments were sampled and induced to metamorphose fol lowing 1, 6, 12, and 24 h of continuous swimming at 25°C. Sampled larvae were assessed for initiation of metamorphosis, completion of metamorphosis, and ancestrular lophophore size to determine the extent to which energy acquired from DOM uptake could oVset the metabolic costs of prolonged larval swimming. DOM treatment had no signiWcant eVect on initiation of metamorphosis, but did have a signiWcant eVect on comple tion of metamorphosis and lophophore size. Larvae swimming in DOM-enriched treatments for 24 h experi enced a 20% increase in metamorphic completion rate, compared to larvae swimming for 24 h in the DOMreduced treatment. In addition, larvae in the amino acid and sugar mixture for 24 h had a signiWcantly larger lophophore surface area and volume (23 and 31%, respectively), compared to larvae in DOM-depleted sea water. To ensure that the increases in performance found in larvae with access to DOM were not due to a decrease in metabolic activity, the respiration rates for these larvae were compared to those of larvae in DOMdepleted seawater. There were no signiWcant diVerences between these treatments, indicating that the increases in performance were due to the energy acquired from DOM. These results clearly show that for B. neritina, DOM uptake results in increased metamorphic success and in the size of the feeding apparatus following an extended larval swimming duration.

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“…oxidation as a means for detecting low levels of organic materials in water were published by Beattie, Bricker & Garvin (1961). Grasshoff (1966) developed an automatic system for analysing organically bound phosphorus, based on its release as inorganic phosphate in a quartz coil irradiated with U.V.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved methods for the measurement of dissolved and particulate organic carbon in fresh water and their application to chalk streams

Baker¹,

Bartlett²,

Farr³

et al. 1974

Freshwater Biology

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Summary The development and use of an improved automatic system for the accurate measurement of dissolved organic carbon (D.O.C.) in fresh waters is described. The method, which covers the range 0‐25 mgl−1 D.O.C., is based on the oxidation of organic carbon to carbon dioxide by U.V. radiation. The carbon dioxide produced is measured by a non dispersive infra‐red gas analyser (I.R.G.A.). The I.R.G.A. is also used in the semi‐automatic measurement of particulate organic carbon (P.O.C.) by a combustion method which allows very low concentrations to be measured using samples of 200 ml or less. Results of surveys of two river systems indicate that D.O.C. concentrations of less than 2.0 mg l−1 are typical in unpolluted chalk streams. D.O.C. concentrations of streams draining acid heathland were found to be significantly higher (3‐5.5 mg l−1). D.O.C. concentration was found to increase rapidly during a spate, in a river draining areas of mixed underlying geology. The throughput of D.O.C. during the twenty‐five to fifty spates which occur annually in the river could amount to 20‐30% of the annual flux of D.O.C. P.O.C. concentration in chalk spring waters (0.03–0.04 mg l−1) were found to be higher than expected from preliminary estimates using membrane filtration techniques. The relevance of the measurement of D.O.C. and P.O.C. flux to estimates of the energy budgets of stream ecosystems is discussed and published methods for the automatic measurement of D.O.C. are reviewed.

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Photolytic determination of trace amounts of organic material in water

Cited by 40 publications

References 7 publications

Photochemical combustion of organic matter in sea water, for nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon determination

Photochemical combustion of organic matter in sea water, for nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon determination

Availability of dissolved organic matter offsets metabolic costs of a protracted larval period for Bugula neritina (Bryozoa)

Improved methods for the measurement of dissolved and particulate organic carbon in fresh water and their application to chalk streams

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