Photolysts of rhodamine-WT dye

Tai, D.Y.; Rathbun, R.E.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(88)90031-8

Cited by 32 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Within the observed errors, the values of the constant are identical for distilled water and Loosdrecht water, indicating that photolysis in Loosdrecht water is determined by direct photolysis (i.e. no photosensitizers are present in the water) (Zepp and Cline 1977;Tai and Rathbun 1988).…”

Section: Photolysis Of Rhodamine Wtmentioning

confidence: 70%

Potentials of photolytic rhodamine WT as a large-scale water tracer assessed in a long-term experiment in the Loosdrecht lakes

Suijlen¹,

Buyse²

1994

Limnol. Oceanogr.

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The dispersal of 0.13 kg of water-tracer rhodamine WT in the Loosdrecht lakes was surveyed during 19 months. Solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography were used to measure the very low concentrations of rhodamine WT in the experiment. The detection limit was -2 x lo-l1 kg m-3. The photolysis constant of rhodamine WT was measured in a laboratory experiment. A numerical model for hindcasting the dilution of a photolytic tracer in the lake system was developed. Model results compare well with observations showing that rhodamine WT is well suited for tracer experiments on large time and space scales, provided that photolysis is taken into account.

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Section: Photolysis Of Rhodamine Wtmentioning

confidence: 70%

Potentials of photolytic rhodamine WT as a large-scale water tracer assessed in a long-term experiment in the Loosdrecht lakes

Suijlen¹,

Buyse²

1994

Limnol. Oceanogr.

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“…The potential for turbidity to impact upon our field study was assessed by measuring a range of RWT solutions prepared using water from our field site, and no significant deviation from expected fluorescence was observed hence any possible effects of turbulence on RWT fluorescence measurements were ignored for the remainder of the study. A number of studies have also demonstrated that the use of RWT in quantitative studies may be compromised by photochemical decay of RWT over time (Smart and Laidlaw, 1977;Tai and Rathbun, 1988;Suijlen and Buyse, 1994;Upstill-Godard et al, 2001;Dierburg and C. H. Mines et al: Use of rhodamine WT as proxy for point source pollutants DeBusk, 2005) and loss of RWT due to adsorption (Smart and Laidlaw, 1977;Wilson et al, 1986;Sabatini and Austin, 1991;Shiau et al, 1993;Di Fazio and Vurro, 1994;Soerens et al, 1994;Kasnavia et al, 1999;Close et al, 2002;Keefe et al, 2004;Kung et al, 2000;Vasudevan et al, 2001;Lin et al, 2003;Pang et al, 2003;Richardson et al, 2004;Dierburg and DeBusk, 2005) but as the work described here focused on the use of RWT within a closed pipe surface water drainage network these potential losses were deemed insignificant and not re-examined. Given this range of potential compromising factors, the inconsistent nature of field results concerning RWT fate and transport (Tai and Rathbun, 1988;Jones and Jung, 1990;Suijlen and Buyse, 1994;Ptak and Schmid, 1996;Kung et al, 2000;Upstill-Godard et al, 2001;Close et al, 2002;Lin et al, 2003) is unsurprising.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although RWT has been used as a surface and groundwater tracer since its formation in 1968, its use in quantitative tracer studies has been shown to be compromised by quenching of RWT fluorescence at pH values below 5 (Smart and Laidlaw, 1977;Tai and Rathbun, 1988;Kasnavia et al, 1999) and by dissolved salts (Smart and Laidlaw, 1977); fluorescence intensity of RWT varying inversely with temperature (Smart and Laidlaw, 1977;Wilson et al, 1986); and occasionally elevated background fluorescence in natural waters (Smart and Karunaratne, 2002). Previous work has also demonstrated that turbidity may significantly interfere with fluorescence measurements given the ability of suspended solids to contribute to background fluorescence (Smart and Laidlaw, 1977), and the use of fluorometers must be questioned in turbid environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dying to find the source – the use of rhodamine WT as a proxy for soluble point source pollutants in closed pipe surface drainage networks

Ghadouani

Ivey

2009

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Rhodamine WT (RWT), a xanthene dye, may serve as a proxy for soluble pollutants within quantitative tracing studies investigating point source contaminant transport. This study quantified the effects of altering the concentration, pH, temperature and salinity of a RWT solution on the detected fluorescence of RWT within the laboratory prior to a field release of RWT within a closed pipe urban drainage network. All RWT solutions exhibited stability and <10% variation from the expected concentration over a thirteen hour laboratory study period; pH related quenching of RWT fluorescence of up to 14.9% was observed for solutions with pH<3.9; and increasing salinity of RWT solution was found to have a negligible quenching effect. In direct contrast to previous studies RWT fluorescence was found to directly correlate with temperature of solution, and a temperature correction factor was determined and tested. The field release study succeeded in detecting RWT at concentrations two orders of magnitude greater than background fluorescence. Based on longitudinal dispersion theory, observed RWT peak concentrations were within 10% of predicted peaks.

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“…Molarity (M) was determined from UV-visible analysis of selected dye solutions (absorbances at 490 and 550 nm for fluorescein and rhodamine WT, respectively) and published extinction coefficients (65,000 M -1 cm -1 at pH 7 and 490 nm for fluorescein, Mota et al 1991;and 87,000 M -1 cm -1 for rhodamine WT at pH 5.6 and 550 nm, Tai and Rathbun 1988). Shiau et al (1993) report that the different isomers of rhodamine WT, while varying in light absorption characteristics in the UV range, show very similar absorption at higher wavelengths; therefore we feel confident applying a published extinction coefficient at 550 nm even if the proportional isomer composition may be different in our rhodamine WT solution.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary examination of an in situ dual dye approach to measuring light fluxes in lotic systems

Minor

James

Austin

et al. 2013

Limnology & Ocean Methods

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Light is a critical parameter in aquatic ecosystems, affecting primary production and in situ photochemistry. However, measuring light exposure for suspended particles or dissolved components in a dynamic water column can be challenging with existing Eulerian approaches. Here, we assess the simultaneous deployment of two dyes differing in photolability (rhodamine WT and fluorescein) as a Lagrangian measure of sunlight exposure in a lotic system. Fluorescein is sensitive to light exposure; rhodamine WT is relatively photostable. We examined dye fluorescence at various pH, salinity, and temperature conditions. We also tested dye photolability as a function of pH and wavelength range. In conjunction with this laboratory work, we performed initial field testing of the dual-dye approach in a stream on the north shore of Lake Superior, USA. Irradiation of the dyes using long-pass filters identified wavelengths ≥ 420 nm as responsible for the vast majority of the loss of fluorescein fluorescence, with rhodamine appearing relatively photostable in these short-term studies across the wavelength ranges tested. Dye response to irradiation is pH-sensitive; the dual-dye approach will require additional calibration for acidic or basic waters and should be used with caution in aquatic systems undergoing strong (several pH unit) changes in pH. Field testing showed that the fluorescein to rhodamine WT ratio decreased approximately linearly with light exposure. The dual-dye methodology shows promise as an in situ light sensor applicable to water column species in lotic systems if temperature is recorded, and the pH range is measured and relatively stable (e.g., varies by < 1 unit). Upstill-Goddard 2008). In order to be a good tracer, these dyes must have high fluorescence quantum yields, high solubility, negligible background concentrations, and be inert to (or predictably and reproducibly affected by) chemical and biological factors (i.e., change in pH, change in temperature, particle sorption, and microbial uptake) within the aquatic system of interest. Most tracer dyes have ionic functional groups, making them soluble in water; however, these functional groups are often pH sensitive; with the resulting change in structure causing changes in dye fluorescence and sorption characteristics (Smart and Laidlaw 1977;Kasnavia et al. 1999).Rhodamine WT (Fig. 1) was specifically designed to be an inexpensive and effective tracer for water flow (Smart and Laidlaw 1977) and is one of the most commonly used dyes for tracer studies. While often considered conservative (UpstillGoddard 2008), it has been shown to sorb to particles, especially organic-rich and metal-oxide coated ones (Vasudevan et al. 2001;Smart and Laidlaw 1977), and must be used with care in particle rich and organic rich systems, such as wetlands (Dierberg and DeBusk 2005). Complicating the sorption issue is that tracer grade rhodamine WT often consists of 2 isomers (Shiau et al. 1993;Vasudevan et al. 2001) that have different sorption characteristics (Vasudevan e...

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Photolysts of rhodamine-WT dye

Cited by 32 publications

References 13 publications

Potentials of photolytic rhodamine WT as a large-scale water tracer assessed in a long-term experiment in the Loosdrecht lakes

Potentials of photolytic rhodamine WT as a large-scale water tracer assessed in a long-term experiment in the Loosdrecht lakes

Dying to find the source – the use of rhodamine WT as a proxy for soluble point source pollutants in closed pipe surface drainage networks

A preliminary examination of an in situ dual dye approach to measuring light fluxes in lotic systems

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