Photolysis of mixtures of UV filters octocrylene and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate leads to formation of mixed transformation products and different kinetics

Jentzsch, Franziska; Reich, Marco; Kümmerer, Klaus; Olsson, Oliver

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134048

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…52 Atmospheric transformation of UV-filters is another process which could reduce concentrations, especially during the summer period when sunlight and oxidant levels are the highest. 57 Snowfall. Fourteen snowfall events were registered during the sampling period.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wind speed also plays a role in enhancing surface–air exchange, while at the same time higher wind speeds usually indicate a more unstable/turbulent and well-mixed atmosphere, which could have the effect of diluting levels of organic UV-filters in air . Atmospheric transformation of UV-filters is another process which could reduce concentrations, especially during the summer period when sunlight and oxidant levels are the highest …”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study highlights another class of chemicals that contribute to the chemical mixture in air to which the environment and humans are exposed. Future studies should explore the physical chemical properties and toxicity of the organic UV-filters, including their transformation products in air. ,, Future work should also investigate different source sectors in urban air (e.g., traffic, industry, commercial, residential) to characterize primary emissions of organic UV-filters.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence and Gas–Particle Partitioning of Organic UV-Filters in Urban Air

Pegoraro

Harner

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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A retrospective analysis of a comprehensive series of high-volume air samples (n = 70) collected during 2010−2011 in Toronto (Canada) was performed. Seven UV compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (GC−MS/MS) with sum of concentrations (gas + particle phase) ranging from 80 to 2030 pg/m 3 . Homosalate (HMS) was the most prevalent organic UV-filter in air (47% of the total concentration), followed by 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS, ∼29%), E-and Z-2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC, ∼17%). Ambient air (gas + particle phase) concentrations of organic UVfilters showed a strong seasonality, with peak levels during the summer. An analysis of Clausius−Clapeyron slopes indicated that much of the ambient burden of organic UV-filters are explained by volatilization from terrestrial and aquatic surfaces and supplemented with human activities and use of lotions and sunscreens, containing organic UV-filters, in addition to its use in plastics, textiles, paints, and pesticides. The results showed that organic UVfilters exist mainly in the gas phase with some exceptions, for instance, octocrylene (OCR), which was associated with both gas and particle phases, and avobenzone (AVB), which was predominantly in the particle phase. Lastly, this study revealed the need for basic physical chemical property data for organic UV-filters, including information on transformation rates and products, for better evaluating their environmental fate and effects.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence and Gas–Particle Partitioning of Organic UV-Filters in Urban Air

Pegoraro

Harner

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…However, following such lag time the photodegradation started and proceeded at the same rate as the unprotected sample. This can tentatively be explained by considering that OMC itself has limited photostability [48] and it undergoes photodegradation when exposed to a solar lamp [49]; therefore, the end of the observed lag time could be attributed to its substantial photodegradation. Somewhat surprising was instead the lack of protection demonstrated by octocrylene, despite an absorption spectral range similar to OMC.…”

Section: Uv Irradiated Solutions Of Camentioning

confidence: 98%

Photochemical and Oxidative Degradation of Chamazulene Contained in Artemisia, Matricaria and Achillea Essential Oils and Setup of Protection Strategies

Gabbanini,

Neba,

Matera

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Chamazulene (CA) is an intensely blue molecule with a wealth of biological properties. In cosmetics chamazulene is exploited as a natural coloring and soothing agent. CA is unstable and tends to spontaneous degradation accelerated by light. We studied the photodegradation of CA upon controlled exposure to UVB-UVA irradiation by multi-ple techniques, including GC-MS, UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS and by direct infusion in ESI-MSn, which were matched to in silico mass spectral simulations to identify degra-dation products. Seven byproducts formed upon UVA exposure for 3 h at 70mW/cm2 (blue-to-green color change) were identified, including CA dimers and CA benzenoid which were not found on extended 6 h irradiation (green-to-yellow fading). Photosta-bility tests with reduced irradiance conducted in various solvents in the pres-ence/absence of air indicated highest degradation in acetonitrile in the presence of ox-ygen, suggesting a photo-oxidative mechanism. Testing in the presence of antioxidants (tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate, hydroxytyrosol, bakuchiol, γ-terpinene, TEMPO and their combinations) indicated highest protection by tocopherol and TEMPO. Sun-screens ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and particularly Tinosorb® S (but not octo-crylene) showed good CA photoprotection. Thermal stability tests indicated no degra-dation of CA in acetonitrile at 50°C in the dark for 50 days; however, accelerated deg-radation occurred in the presence of ascrorbyl palmitate.

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“…It is worthwhile noting here that, despite its determining role in term of environmental exposure, a large lack of knowledge remains regarding the fate of synthetic organic UV filters in marine system. Indeed, very few data exist, to our knowledge, on the molecule degradation or transformation as a function of the environment characteristics encountered, such as water salinity, pH, temperature or light [19,36,[41][42][43].…”

Section: Parameters Shaping the Uv Filter Pattern In Seawatermentioning

confidence: 99%

UV filter occurrence in beach water of the Mediterranean coast – A field survey over 2 years in Palavas‐les‐Flots, France

Thallinger,

Labille,

Milinkovitch

et al. 2023

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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ObjectiveA 2‐year sampling campaign was realized on French Mediterranean beach (Palavas‐les‐Flots Hérault) in order to measure the concentration of UV filters released from the sunscreen used by bathers. Multiple factors suspected of playing determining roles in the UV filter pattern in water were explored, such as the seasonal and daily time evolutions, or the vertical and horizontal distributions, and they were regarded through the UV filter characteristics.MethodsThe beach was monitored during periods of high and low tourist attendance, typically before, during and after the summer peak. The beachgoers attendance was counted. Bathing water was sampled distinctly from the bulk column and from the top surface layer, testing different sampling tools. Sediments and mussels were also sampled and analysed as potential UV filter sinks. Three organic UV filters (octocrylene OCR, avobenzone BMDBM and octyl methoxycinnamate OMC) and one mineral (titanium dioxide TiO2) were studied here as representatives of the current cosmetic market.ResultsSummer peak attendance on the beach was confirmed associated with peak levels of UV filter concentration in the bathing water, even more pronounced during a heat wave period. This relation was also observed at day scale with an afternoon peak, suggesting a rapid evolution of the UV filter pattern in water. Contrasted fates were measured between the four studied UV filters, that could be mainly explained by their respective characteristics, i.e. particulate or dissolved, hydrophilic or lipophilic, lifetime. Generally, this resulted in a concentration ranking TiO2 > OCR > OMC > BMDBM, ranging from 0.5 to 500 μg/L. The most lipophilic and recalcitrant OCR was found most vertically differentiated and over concentrated in the top surface layer of water. Finally, a large horizontal heterogeneity was also observed in the UV filter concentration pattern, raising the need for sample replicates that cover a significant area.ConclusionThis work fulfils some knowledge gaps on the issue of UV filter release in coastal environments, not only by providing original field data and methodological recommendations but also importantly in the comparison made of organic and mineral UV filters, which are often considered separately and rarely evaluated at the same time.

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Photolysis of mixtures of UV filters octocrylene and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate leads to formation of mixed transformation products and different kinetics

Cited by 19 publications

References 34 publications

Occurrence and Gas–Particle Partitioning of Organic UV-Filters in Urban Air

Occurrence and Gas–Particle Partitioning of Organic UV-Filters in Urban Air

Photochemical and Oxidative Degradation of Chamazulene Contained in Artemisia, Matricaria and Achillea Essential Oils and Setup of Protection Strategies

UV filter occurrence in beach water of the Mediterranean coast – A field survey over 2 years in Palavas‐les‐Flots, France

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