“…According to the calculated values of R c of more than 5 Å, the electric multipolar interaction was the main reason for concentration quenching in ZLTN:0.005Cr 3+ . The following formula is used to study the electric multipolar interaction [
50–52]:
where, k and β are the constants, I is the emission intensity, and the doping concentration of Cr 3+ is expressed as. When θ is equal to 6, 8, 10, it denotes a dipole–dipole interaction, dipole–quadrupole interaction and quadrupole–quadrupole interaction, respectively [
53,54].…”