“…As a result, ZMWs have found wide application in studies of genomic sequencing [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ], protein–protein interaction [ 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ], ligand–receptor binding [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ], membrane-bound diffusion events [ 62 , 63 ] and the study of membrane proteins [ 64 , 65 ]. ZMWs have also been used to manipulate exciton behavior in quantum dots [ 66 ], and ZMWs have been shown to extend Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) distances from 10 to 13.6 nm [ 67 ]. A recent mini-review describes applications of these nanostructures for single molecule experiments [ 68 ].…”