Photographic Detection of Amblyogenic Factors

Day, Susan H.; Norcia, Anthony M.

doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33778-3

Cited by 46 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The present findings concur with the results of Sjostrand et al (1982) and Day & Norcia (1986), i.e. that the use of cycloplegia increases the sensitivity of eccentric photorefraction for detecting refractive errors.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Screening of infants for strabismus and refractive errors with two‐flash photorefraction with and without cycloplegia

Kaakinen

Ranta-Kemppainen

1986

Acta Ophthalmologica

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35 1/2-year-old and 31 1-year-old children were screened by two-flash photorefraction for strabismus and refractive errors with and without cycloplegia. The sensitivity of the method to detect refractive errors was tested with an optical demonstration eye. All the children were examined clinically to compare the sensitivity of the method. Every child co-operated with the photography, but 4 children did not co-operate in the clinical examination and were thus excluded from the refractive material, as were also two cases of esotropias which were found. There were no false positive or negative strabismus cases. The total refractive material consisted of 120 eyes. The method was clearly more sensitive for refractive errors with cycloplegia. Even one hyperopia of +5.25 D(OD) and +6.0 D(OS) was underestimated without cycloplegia. In the material there were no cases of anisometropia of over 1.0 D in spherical equivivalent that would cause a potential risk for amblyopia. A rather good correlation of refractive results existed with the method in cycloplegia. With partial overlapping of emmetropic and moderate hyperopic cases. The screening of children aged 1/2-1 year with two-flash photorefraction is simple to perform. The underestimation of symmetrical hyperopias should be accepted when cycloplegia is not used. Only one successful photograph of each child is necessary for the interpretation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Screening of infants for strabismus and refractive errors with two‐flash photorefraction with and without cycloplegia

Kaakinen

Ranta-Kemppainen

1986

Acta Ophthalmologica

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“…This method was first described by Brik and Brik (25) to screen preverbal children in order to detect amblyogenic factors. The technique, similar to photoscreening (27)(28) but less expensive and easier to perform, allows both pupils to be illuminated simultaneously. Differences in color, brightness and speed of the retinoscopy reflex can be easily detected and are indicative of anisometropias, strabismus or refractive errors (26) .…”

Section: E T H O D Smentioning

confidence: 99%

<![CDATA[<b>Prevalence of refractive errors and ocular disorders in preschool and school children of Ibipor� - PR, Brazil (1989 to 1996)</b>]]>

Schimiti¹,

Costa²,

Gregui³

et al. 2001

Arq. Bras. Oftalmol.

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Prevalence of refractive errors and ocular disorders in preschool and schoolchildren of Ibiporã -PR, Brazil (1989to 1996 Purpose: To establish the prevalence of refractive errors and ocular disorders in preschool and schoolchildren of Ibiporã, Brazil. Methods: A survey of 6 to 12-year-old children from public and private elementary schools was carried out in Ibiporã between 1989 and 1996. Visual acuity measurements were performed by trained teachers using Snellen's chart. Children with visual acuity <0.7 in at least one eye were referred to a complete ophthalmologic examination. Results: 35,936 visual acuity measurements were performed in 13,471 children. 1.966 children (14.59%) were referred to an ophthalmologic examination. Amblyopia was diagnosed in 237 children (1.76%), whereas strabismus was observed in 114 cases (0.84%). Cataract (n=17) (0.12%), chorioretinitis (n=38) (0.28%) and eyelid ptosis (n=6) (0.04%) were also diagnosed. Among the 614 (4.55%) children who were found to have refractive errors, 284 (46.25%) had hyperopia (hyperopia or hyperopic astigmatism), 206 (33.55%) had myopia (myopia or myopic astigmatism) and 124 (20.19%) showed mixed astigmatism. Conclusions: The study determined the local prevalence of amblyopia, refractive errors and eye disorders among preschool and schoolchildren.

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“…Screening for refractive errors by means of retinoscopy or photorefraction has been tried in restricted areas and populations in different countries, but no routine screening program has been developed using these methods (Ingram et al 1979;Atkinson et al 1984;Day and Norcia 1986;Kaakinen et al 1986;Freedman & Preston 1992). The same holds for testing of ocular motility disturbances and strabismus by for example cover test (except in Holland for children below 1 year of age), or for testing of defects of binocular vision by means of stereo tests (Kohler & Stigmar' 1973; Hope & M a s h 1990).…”

Section: Is There a Primary Screening Program In Common Use For The Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening for ocular dysfunction in children: Approaching a common program

Lennerstrand

Jakobsson

Kvarnström

1995

Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica

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. According to the general principles of screening, detection of visual impairment in children is worthwhile, since the condition is a serious health problem, reliable diagnostic tests are available and effective treatment is possible in most instances of ocular and visual dysfunction. However, an evaluation of the screening procedures has not been properly done and the cost‐benefit of screening has not been studied. The aim of the present study is to perform a systematic analysis of the screening programs for detection of visual dysfunction. In the screening two parts can be separated, one that concerns the more serious ocular and visual conditions which have to be discovered by general survey methods very early in life, and one that involves detection of less serious conditions, mainly amblyopia, which can be diagnosed by testing for monocular reduction of visual acuity at about 3–4 years of age. The performance characteristics of the screening programs used in Sweden and Canada were evaluated and found to be very favourable. Based on the analysis and the evaluation, recommendations are made on programs for vision screening in children that could be applied more widely. The program could involve all or parts of the following: A careful inspection of the eyes in the neonatal period and preferably also examination of the red reflex with the ophthalmoscope. Children at high risk for ocular and visual disorder, i.e. those born prematurely before 32 weeks of age, or with genetic disease, hearing deficit and/or neurological and mental disorder, should be examined at the proper age by an ophthalmologist. All staff at pediatric departments and child health care centers should be familiar with the visual development of the normal baby and should be alerted to the various symptoms and signs which first warn parents that there may be a visual defect. An inspection of the eyes to detect squint should be part of all pediatric examinations. A screening test of monocular visual acuity in 4 year‐old children can be reliably performed by non‐ophthalmic personnel after proper training. The screening test should be repeated by school nurses during the first grade of school, and at regular intervals during the school years. The children that screen positively should be seen by ophthalmologists, and in some cases by orthoptists, without undue delay for diagnosis and treatment.

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Photographic Detection of Amblyogenic Factors

Cited by 46 publications

References 8 publications

Screening of infants for strabismus and refractive errors with two‐flash photorefraction with and without cycloplegia

Screening of infants for strabismus and refractive errors with two‐flash photorefraction with and without cycloplegia

<![CDATA[<b>Prevalence of refractive errors and ocular disorders in preschool and school children of Ibipor� - PR, Brazil (1989 to 1996)</b>]]>

Screening for ocular dysfunction in children: Approaching a common program

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