Photoelectron spectroscopy of thin films of PEDOT–PSS conjugated polymer blend: a mini-review and some new results

Greczyński, Grzegorz; Kugler, Thomas; Keil, Matthias; Osikowicz, Wojciech; Fahlman, Mats; Salaneck, W. R.

doi:10.1016/s0368-2048(01)00323-1

Cited by 398 publications

(364 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The polymer interlayer spacing from the nanoribbons can be estimated using Atomic Force Microscopy by defining one monolayer (1 ML) as the minimum height measured on Figure 5 to be 4.88 nm, obtained from electrospinning fabrication. This minimum value in height shown in Figure 5 to be 4.88nm is in agreement with the literature value of crystal grain size reported values between 3 nm to 5 nm [33,35,36]. A monolayer (ML) is defined by an integer number of molecular monolayers.…”

Section: Archivos De Medicina Issn 1698-9465supporting

confidence: 79%

Electronic Transport and Anisotropic Conductivity Behavior on PEDOT:PSS Nanoribbons and Nanostructuring Modification by Atomic Force Microscope Nanoshaving

Vega¹,

Wong²,

Vega³

et al. 2017

Polym Sci

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Nanoribbons of organic semiconductor salts, poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT-PSS), were deposited on silicon dioxide (SiO2) by the electrospinning technique. It is possible to "shave" or mechanically displace small regions of the polymer nanoribbon by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanolithography techniques such as nanoshaving, leaving swaths of the surface cut to the depth of thickness of the nanoribbon. By placing the nanoribbon between two electrode pads with a 10 μm gap, for the first time was performed nanoshaving on the nanoribbon by removing portions of PEDOT-PSS and simultaneously in-situ transport measurement properties of the nanoribbon's dependence on the remaining cross section, showed evidence of anisotropic nature of the conductivity of PEDOT-PSS nanoribbons.

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Section: Archivos De Medicina Issn 1698-9465supporting

confidence: 79%

Electronic Transport and Anisotropic Conductivity Behavior on PEDOT:PSS Nanoribbons and Nanostructuring Modification by Atomic Force Microscope Nanoshaving

Vega¹,

Wong²,

Vega³

et al. 2017

Polym Sci

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“…In literature evidence exists that a thin layer of H-PSS forms on top of PEDOT:PSS. [ 24 ] Processing of PEDOT:PSS from aqueous dispersions with different amounts of added sorbitol was found to lead to a reduction in the work function, which has been interpreted as being the result of removal of the H-PSS top layer. [ 25 ] In this work we present results which indicate that work function modifi cation by anionic or cationic (poly)electrolytes and by tertiary aliphatic amines originates from a single mechanism: the formation of a dipole at the interface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of Work Function Modification by Ionic and Amine‐Based Interface Layers

Reenen

Kouijzer

Janssen

et al. 2014

Adv Materials Inter

129

138

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can evolve into a successful thin fi lm photovoltaic technology. To this end, further improvements in the sunlight-toelectricity conversion effi ciency are still needed. To do so, not only the optoelectronic, active layer should be considered, but also the connection between this layer and the electrodes. This connection is facilitated by so-called work function modifi cation layers (WMLs) that serve to align the transport levels in the organic semiconductor and the conductor by modifi cation of the work function. Materials that are often used are poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) for improving hole collection and injection in combination with an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode and LiF for the electron contact in combination with an Al metal electrode. A new generation of WMLs fi rst introduced by Cao et al. is based on polyelectrolytes or tertiary aliphatic amines, such as poly [(9,9-bis(3′-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt -2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)] (PFN) and the corresponding ethyl ammonium bromide. [ 1 ] Although these materials improve carrier injection or extraction in different organic diode devices, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] the mechanism behind this improvement is not completely clear. This ambiguity hinders design, selection and optimization of new WMLs.Mechanisms that are generally considered to result in electric fi elds and concomitant work function shifts at metal-organic interfaces are doping, charge transfer, and dipole formation. [8][9][10] Regarding the work function modifi cation of amine side-groups, Lindell et al. [ 11 ] found by photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations that the electron donor para-phenylenediamine chemisorbs onto atomically clean Ni in vacuum. [ 12 ] Due to partial electron transfer from the amine unit, a work function reduction of 1.55 eV is achieved, resulting in a less deep Fermi level. This explanation is not likely to hold for the technologically more relevant procedure on which we shall focus, being the deposition of WMLs from solution on a metal at atmospheric pressure: the metal is not atomically clean, which likely inhibits chemisorption. In other work by Zhou et al. [ 13 ] it is shown that the work function reduction, at atmospheric pressure, by the amine groups in poly(ethylenimine ethoxylated) (PEIE), is generally the same on different conductors. Work function modifi cation by polyelectrolytes and tertiary aliphatic amines is found to be due to the formation of a net dipole at the electrode interface, induced by interaction with its own image dipole in the electrode. In polyelectrolytes differences in size and side groups between the moving ions lead to differences in approach distance towards the surface. These differences determine magnitude and direction of the resulting dipole. In tertiary aliphatic amines the lone pairs of electrons are anticipated to shift towards their image when close to the interface rather than the nitrogen nuclei, which are sterically hindered by the alkyl side chains. ...

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“…2a and b respectively. The peaks were deconvolved following previous work by Greczynski et al [29,32]. The S 2p spectrum shows three main chemical species, two that were assigned to the PSS component ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All XPS spectra were referenced to the C-(C, H) peak observed in the C 1s region at 284.6 eV, and fitted in CasaXPS using a Shirley background and mixed Gaussian-Lorentzian lineshapes for oxygen and sulphur. Asymmetric lineshapes were required for the PEDOT components in the S 2p region [29], achieved via the use of Gaussian-Lorentzian lineshapes modified by an exponential blend on the high binding energy tail. AFM images were obtained using an Asylum Research MFP-3D (Santa Barbara, USA) in AC mode.…”

Section: Preparation and Characterisation Of The Pedot:pss Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of dimethyl sulfoxide treated highly conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) electrodes for use in indium tin oxide-free organic electronic photovoltaic devices

Unsworth

Hancox

Dearden

et al. 2014

Organic Electronics

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Photoelectron spectroscopy of thin films of PEDOT–PSS conjugated polymer blend: a mini-review and some new results

Cited by 398 publications

References 26 publications

Electronic Transport and Anisotropic Conductivity Behavior on PEDOT:PSS Nanoribbons and Nanostructuring Modification by Atomic Force Microscope Nanoshaving

Electronic Transport and Anisotropic Conductivity Behavior on PEDOT:PSS Nanoribbons and Nanostructuring Modification by Atomic Force Microscope Nanoshaving

Origin of Work Function Modification by Ionic and Amine‐Based Interface Layers

Comparison of dimethyl sulfoxide treated highly conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) electrodes for use in indium tin oxide-free organic electronic photovoltaic devices

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