We report a new general method for trapping short-lived
radicals,
based on a homolytic substitution reaction SH2′.
This departure from conventional radical trapping by addition or radical–radical
cross-coupling results in high sensitivity, detailed structural information,
and general applicability of the new approach. The radical traps in
this method are terminal alkenes possessing a nitroxide leaving group
(e.g., allyl-TEMPO derivatives). The trapping process
thus yields stable products which can be stored and subsequently analyzed
by mass spectrometry (MS) supported by well-established techniques
such as isotope exchange, tandem MS, and high-performance liquid chromatography-MS.
The new method was applied to a range of model radical reactions in
both liquid and gas phases including a photoredox-catalyzed thiol–ene
reaction and alkene ozonolysis. An unprecedented range of radical
intermediates was observed in complex reaction mixtures, offering
new mechanistic insights. Gas-phase radicals can be detected at concentrations
relevant to atmospheric chemistry.