Photoelectrochemical water splitting using post-transition metal oxides for hydrogen production: a review

Bio‐inspired NiO/ZrO2 mixed oxides (NZMO) for oxygen evolution reactions: from facile synthesis to electrochemical analysis

“…Among these, zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ) NPs, with excellent chemical inertness and low toxicity, could be applied as an ideal electrode material for electrochemical applications 29 . They are a P‐type semiconductor with not only excessive O vacancies on the surface, but also excess ion‐exchange capacity and redox activities, which makes them useful in many electrochemical processes 30,31 . ZrO 2 NPs have also been used in a variety of different industries owing to their strong mechanical strength and good optical and thermal behavior 32 .…”

“…29 They are a P-type semiconductor with not only excessive O vacancies on the surface, but also excess ion-exchange capacity and redox activities, which makes them useful in many electrochemical processes. 30,31 ZrO 2 NPs have also been used in a variety of different industries owing to their strong mechanical strength and good optical and thermal behavior. 32 Cubic ZrO 2 in particular, has good electrochemical qualities because of its strong electrical and surface charge properties, high mechanical strength, and exceptional chemical and thermal stability.…”

Heterostructured 2D material-based electro-/photo-catalysts for water splitting

“…148,149 Finally, their high stability and resistance to corrosion enable prolonged operation. 150,151 However, it is very difficult to achieve efficient overall performance of a photoelectrode owing to narrow visible-light absorption, unfavorable band positioning, low charge mobility, and limited stability when only TMOs are used. Therefore, TMO-based heterostructures composed of other materials (e.g., Xenes, MXenes, boron carbon nitrides, TMDs, BiO x , etc.)…”

Spectroscopic Characterization of Highly Active Fe–N–C Oxygen Reduction Catalysts and Discovery of Strong Interaction with Nafion Ionomer

“…Driven by increasing demands for renewable clean energy and concerns about environmental pollution, enormous efforts have been devoted to exploring new, green, and sustainable energy sources. , Hydrogen is not only the most abundant element in the universe but also the cleanest fuel on the earth, and it possesses a high energy density (120 MJ kg –1 , three times higher than that of gasoline) with only an exhaust product of water. − Currently, H 2 is mainly produced from fossil fuels ( e.g. , natural gas reforming, petroleum fractionation, and coal gasification). − Therefore, fossil fuel-based hydrogen production is nonrenewable, and its byproductsthe greenhouse effect, acidic rain, ozone holes, and airborne fine particulate matterare environmentally hazardous. , Consequently, green H 2 produced using renewable energy (such as wind, tidal, and solar) has been considered a potential alternative to fossil fuels, as it could address both the energy shortage and environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels. , Among various energy-conversion technologies powered by H 2 , such as solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), alkaline-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), and proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), PEMFCs are more promising due to their easy fabrication, low operation temperature, high efficiency, and technology maturity. , PEMFCs can directly convert the chemical energy released in the reaction of H 2 with O 2 into electrical energy via the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), at the anode and cathode, respectively, and they can be used for transportation, portable, and stationary applications. Platinum (Pt) group metals (PGMs) are state-of-the-art electrocatalysts for HOR and ORR.…”