“…Moreover, long-term device durability is compromised due to poor stability in PEC conditions. Earthabundant metal oxides, such as ZnO, TiO2, WO3, α-Fe2O3, and BiVO4, exhibit outstanding properties and can be viable options for PEC cells [9]. They have low processing cost, high stability, low minority carrier diffusion length, high recombination, and low light absorption.…”