Photoelectric Mixing of Incoherent Light

Forrester, A. Theodore; Gudmundsen, R.A.; Johnson, Philip O.

doi:10.1103/physrev.99.1691

Cited by 315 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The usefulness of the technique in applications ranging from spectroscopy to radiometry has been well documented. The effect was first observed by Forrester et al [28] in a classic experiment using two Zeeman components of a visible (incoherent) spectral line.…”

Section: B Single-photon Heterodyne Detectionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Although the stochastic nature of this signal depends in detail on the irradiance statistics, the SNR is found to be essentially independent of the higher order correlation functions of the field [36], [37]. Furthermore, using the first-order coherent field results of Titulaer and Glauber [38] for absorption detectors, an explicit calculation for the case of two-beam photomixing has shown that sum-and double-frequency components do not appear in the detected current, and that the heterodyne process can be interpreted in terms of the annihilation of a single (nonmonochromatic) photon [39] , [40] , as was qualitatively appreciated by Forrester et al [28]. Finally, a concise review of the basic theoretical and experimental aspects of heterodyne detection in the infrared and optical, as well as a partial review of the literature, was prepared by Teich in 1970 E411 .…”

Section: B Single-photon Heterodyne Detectionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Multiphoton optical heterodyne detection

Teich

1975

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

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Abstract-After reviewing recent work on multiphoton direct detection and single-photon heterodyne detection, we examine the behavior of a multiphoton absorption heterodyne receiver. Expressions are obtained for the detector response, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and minimum detectable power for a number of cases of interest. Receiver performance is found to depend on the higher order correlation functions of the radiation field and on the local oscillator (LO) irradiance. Although performance similar to that of the single-photon heterodyne receiver can theoretically be achieved, practical problems would appeat to make this difficult. A physical interpretation of the process in terms of the absorption of monochromatic and nonmonochromatic photons is given. The doublequantum case is treated in particular detail; the results of a preliminary experiment are presented and suggestions for future experiments are provided.

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Section: B Single-photon Heterodyne Detectionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: B Single-photon Heterodyne Detectionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Multiphoton optical heterodyne detection

Teich

1975

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

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“…На наличие широкого спектра «допплеровских» биений в дополнение к дробовым шумам указано уже в работе 1 . Новым здесь было предсказа-ние узкого лоренцева пика априори негауссовой природы, однозначно связанного с кинетикой элементарного процесса излучения.…”

Section: и?;unclassified

Intensity-fluctuation spectroscopy of optical fields with non-Gaussian statistics

Aleksandrov¹,

Golubev²,

Lomakin³

et al. 1983

Usp. Fiz. Nauk

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“…The probability distribution for the jth detected photon by superposing two independent laser light beams is also given by Eq. (6). Unlike in the thermal light case, the relative phase in the laser light case will not change for different detected photons during the coherence time.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further more, Pfleegor and Mandel proved that the interference of two independent laser light beams takes place even under conditions in which "the intensities are so low that, with high probability, one photon is absorbed before the next one is emitted by one or the other source" [5]. Forrester et al observed beats by mixing Zeeman components of a visible spectral line [6]. However, their experiment can not be regarded as the interference of two independent thermal light beams.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient first-order interference of two independent thermal light beams

Liu

Bai

et al. 2014

2014 XXXIth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium (URSI GASS)

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By analyzing the first-order interference of two independent thermal light beams with both classical and quantum theories, we conclude that it is impossible to observe the transient first-order interference pattern by superposing two independent thermal light beams even if the degeneracy parameter of thermal light is much greater than one. The result suggests that the classical model of thermal light field within the coherence time may not be the same as the one of laser light field within the coherence time.Shortly after the invention of laser [1], the first-order interference of two independent laser light beams was reported [2][3][4]. Magyar and Mandel observed spatial transient first-order interference pattern by superposing two independent ruby laser light beams [3]. Transient firstorder interference pattern is the first-order interference pattern obtained in a short time interval, which is usually shorter than the coherence time of the field. Further more, Pfleegor and Mandel proved that the interference of two independent laser light beams takes place even under conditions in which "the intensities are so low that, with high probability, one photon is absorbed before the next one is emitted by one or the other source" [5]. Forrester et al. observed beats by mixing Zeeman components of a visible spectral line [6]. However, their experiment can not be regarded as the interference of two independent thermal light beams. For the interfering fields in their experiment have common origin, which is similar as the latter experiments of interference of light emitted by two sources [7][8][9][10][11]. The transient first-order interference of two independent thermal light beams like the one with two independent laser light beams [2-4] has never been reported. Most physicists attribute it to that the degeneracy parameter of thermal light is usually much less than one [12,13]. On the other hand, if the degeneracy parameter of thermal light is much greater than one, the transient first-order interference pattern of two independent thermal light beams can be observed. Is this prediction true? Our answer is no. In the following part, we will show that it is impossible to observe the transient first-order interference pattern by superposing two independent thermal light beams even if the degeneracy parameter of thermal light is much greater than one. Our results suggest that thermal and laser light fields are different within the coherence time.Thermal light is usually obtained by passing blackbody radiation through linear filters, such as apertures, mirrors, lenses, polarizers, etc [14]. It is also sometimes called chaotic light. Gas discharge lamp is one of the typical thermal light sources, where the different * liujianbin@mail.xjtu.edu.cn excited atoms emit their radiation independently of one another. The total thermal light field equals the sum of all these randomly and independently emitted radiation fields. For example, let us follow Loudon's book to discuss the temporal fluctuation of polarized thermal light emit...

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Photoelectric Mixing of Incoherent Light

Cited by 315 publications

References 8 publications

Multiphoton optical heterodyne detection

Multiphoton optical heterodyne detection

Intensity-fluctuation spectroscopy of optical fields with non-Gaussian statistics

Transient first-order interference of two independent thermal light beams

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