Photoelectric Mixing As a Spectroscopic Tool

Forrester, A. Theodore

doi:10.1364/josa.51.000253

Cited by 199 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…It is split on a polarization independent 50/50 beam splitter, and both parts are directed to individual homodyne measurement setups, which record the S 2 -polarization and S 3 -polarization respectively. This is done by interfering the signal and the local oscillator modes on a beam-splitter and subsequently recording the intensity difference at the beamsplitter output ports [30,43,44]. As long as the local oscillator mode is much brighter than the signal mode, the difference photocurrent I corresponds to…”

Section: Experimental Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Witnessing effective entanglement in a continuous variable prepare-and-measure setup and application to a quantum key distribution scheme using postselection

et al. 2006

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We report an experimental demonstration of effective entanglement in a prepare&measure type of quantum key distribution protocol. Coherent polarization states and heterodyne measurement to characterize the transmitted quantum states are used, thus enabling us to reconstruct directly their Q-function. By evaluating the excess noise of the states, we experimentally demonstrate that they fulfill a non-separability criterion previously presented by Rigas et al. [J. Rigas, O. Gühne, N. Lütkenhaus, Phys. Rev. A 73, 012341 (2006)]. For a restricted eavesdropping scenario we predict key rates using postselection of the heterodyne measurement results.

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Section: Experimental Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Witnessing effective entanglement in a continuous variable prepare-and-measure setup and application to a quantum key distribution scheme using postselection

et al. 2006

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“…Optical heterodyne detection 1,2 measures an optical signal wave E cos t by beating it against a second, much more intense ''local oscillator'' wave E 0 cos 0 t at a photodetector. In addition to a large dc current due to the local oscillator the detector produces an oscillating current with a frequency ͉ Ϫ 0 ͉, and an amplitude proportional to the electrical field strength E of the optical signal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The design and sensitivity of microwave frequency optical heterodyne receivers

Bingham

Börger

Suter

et al. 1998

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Recent advances in high speed photodetector and microwave receiver technology make microwave frequency optical heterodyning an attractive approach for the detection of a number of coherent Raman and Brillouin scattering experiments. We have therefore analyzed the sensitivity of microwave frequency optical heterodyne receivers. Experimental tests on a visible wavelength receiver operating at 13.5 GHz confirm the expectation of shot noise limited sensitivity. The relative merits of microwave frequency optical heterodyne detection and the alternative FabryPérot interferometry approach are discussed.

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“…In practice, the FFLDI is able to detect only the 'beating' component which has very low angular frequencies (i.e., ω = ω − ω 0 ). This 'beating' component is usually represented as a power spectrum (S( ω)) and was computed by using the classical method as published by de Mul et al (1995) and previously proposed by Forrester (1961):…”

Section: Monte Carlo Methods and Generation Of The Power Spectrummentioning

confidence: 99%

Full-field laser–Doppler imaging and its physiological significance for tissue blood perfusion

Binzoni¹,

Ville²

2008

Phys. Med. Biol.

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Using Monte Carlo simulations for a semi-infinite medium representing a skeletal muscle tissue, it is demonstrated that the zero-and first-order moments of the power spectrum for a representative pixel of a full-field laserDoppler imager behave differently from classical laser-Doppler flowmetry. In particular, the zero-order moment has a very low sensitivity to tissue blood volume changes, and it becomes completely insensitive if the probability for a photon to interact with a moving red blood cell is above 0.05. It is shown that the loss in sensitivity is due to the strong forward scatter of the propagating photons in biological tissues (i.e., anisotropy factor g = 0.9). The first-order moment is linearly related to the root mean square of the red blood cell velocity (the Brownian component), and there is also a positive relationship with tissue blood volume. The most common physiological interpretation of the first-order moment is as tissue blood volume times expectation of the blood velocity (in probabilistic terms). In this sense, the use of the first-order moment appears to be a reasonable approach for qualitative real-time blood flow monitoring, but it does not allow us to obtain information on blood velocity or volume independently. Finally, it is shown that the spatial and temporal resolution trade-off imposed by the CMOS detectors, used in full-field laser-Doppler hardware, may lead to measurements that vary oppositely with the underlying physiological quantities. Further improvements on detectors' sampling rate will overcome this limitation.

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Photoelectric Mixing As a Spectroscopic Tool

Cited by 199 publications

References 3 publications

Witnessing effective entanglement in a continuous variable prepare-and-measure setup and application to a quantum key distribution scheme using postselection

Witnessing effective entanglement in a continuous variable prepare-and-measure setup and application to a quantum key distribution scheme using postselection

The design and sensitivity of microwave frequency optical heterodyne receivers

Full-field laser–Doppler imaging and its physiological significance for tissue blood perfusion

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