Photodynamic therapy induced cell cycle arrest and cancer cell synchronization: review

Abstract

Cell cycle arrest (CCA) is seen as a prime candidate for effective cancer therapy. This mechanism can help researchers to create new treatments to target cancer cells at particular stages of the cell cycle (CC). The CCA is a characteristic of various therapeutic modalities, including radiation (RT) and chemotherapy (CT), which synchronizes the cells and facilitates the standardization of radio-chemotherapy protocols. Although it was discovered that photodynamic treatment (PDT) had a biological effect on CCA in cancer cells, the mechanism remains unclear. Furthermore, besides conventional forms of cell death such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis, various unconventional types of cell death including pyroptosis, mitotic catastrophe, paraptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and parthanatos after PDT have been reported. Thus, a variety of elements, such as oxygen, the tumor’s microenvironment, the characteristics of light, and photosensitizer (PS), influence the effectiveness of the PDT treatment, which have not yet been studied clearly. This review focuses on CCA induced by PDT for a variety of PSs agents on various cell lines. The CCA by PDT can be viewed as a remarkable effect and instructive for the management of the PDT protocol. Regarding the relationship between the quantity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its biological consequences, we have proposed two mathematical models in PDT. Finally, we have gathered recent in vitro and in vivo studies about CCA post-PDT at various stages and made suggestions about how it can standardize, potentiate, and customize the PDT methodology.

Co-delivery of berberine and gold nanoparticles on liposomes for photodynamic therapy against 3D lung cancer cells

“…Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive treatment option for lung cancer that uses a photosensitizing agent and a specific wavelength of light to destroy cancer cells. 7,8 In PDT, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in the destruction of cancer cells. When photosensitizer (PS) agents are exposed to specific wavelengths of light, the PS becomes activated and transitions to a higher energy state.…”

“…This oxidative stress disrupts cellular functions and damages cellular structures, ultimately leading to cell death. 9,10 PDT is typically used for early-stage lung cancer or for palliative care in advanced cases. Additionally, it may be used in combination with other treatments such as surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.…”

Photodynamic Therapy in Pigmented Basal Cell Carcinoma—A Review

“…Different cell death pathways that mediate the cytotoxicity of PDT may play a role including necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy. However, non-conventional cell death modalities can also be induced by PDT, such as mitotic catastrophe, paraptosis, pyroptosis, and parthanatos, as well as forms of regulated necrosis such as necroptosis, and ferroptosis (Figure 1) [8,9]. The balance of these cell death mechanisms is driven largely by the subcellular localization inherent to a specific photosensitizer and its incubation conditions, as well as the light dose.…”

Investigação da morte de células B16F10 >i<in vitro>/i< com associação de radioterapia e terapia fotodinâmica

“…112 Segundo Moloudi, Abrahamse e George (2023) a fase G2/M é a mais sensível do ciclo celular para ser interrompida para aplicação terapêutica contra o câncer. 113 A sensibilidade à TFD na fase G2/M do ciclo celular está de acordo com o observado em estudos anteriores utilizando diversos fotossensibilizadores incluindo 5-ALA, 114 ATX-S10(Na) 115 e uma ftalocianina modificada que denominaram como "Photocyanine". 116 Após os achados do grupo 3, investigamos se a inversão na ordem de aplicação das terapias, mantendo o intervalo de 48 horas, influenciaria na morte celular apoptótica e necrótica.…”