Photodynamic therapy effect on cell growth inhibition induced by Radachlorin and toluidine blue O on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: An in vitro study

In Vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effect of Photodynamic Therapy with Methylene Blue

“…These results showed that both PDT (660 nm + MB 50 μg/mL) and MB alone (50 μg/mL) were effective against S. aureus (gram-positive) and E. coli (gram-negative) strains, which coincides with the findings of previous research [1,13,14]. Other studies [15,16,18,23,24] have found inhibitory effects only against S.…”

Design of Photosensitizing Agents for Targeted Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy

“…hydroxyl groups, and which, at physiological pH, carry a high density of negative charge, making them susceptible to targeting with cationic PS. As such it is commonly accepted that cationic PS such as methylene blue (MB) [49], toluidine blue O (TBO) [50] and other phenothiazinium derivatives [51], or cationic porphyrins [52,53] and phthalocyanines (Pc) [54] are well adapted to aPDT, showing both better efficiency and selectivity than neutral [55,56] or negatively-charged sensitisers [57][58][59][60] (Figure 2). Some other synthetic PS decorated with cationic groups to target bacterial infections include BODIPY [31,44,61], perinaphthenone [62] or perylene [35] derivatives.…”

Alternatives to Antibiotics: Phage Lytic Enzymes and Phage Therapy

“…Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy or inactivation (aPDT or aPDI) is new effective method of killing gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and yeast [33][34][35][36]. aPDI employs a non-thermal reaction induced by the interactions between visible light photons and a photosensitizer, such as methylene blue, chlorin, porphyrin, chlorophyll or their derivatives, in the presence of oxygen.…”