“…The properties of RE doped UCNPs include high chemical stability, low toxicity, and higher signal-to-noise ratio than quantum dots and organic dye markers, especially in vivo [1,2]. Consequently, these NPs have attracted much attention for their potential applications in optical communications, optoelectronic devices, flat panel displays, photodynamic therapy, and biosensors [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Several RE dopants, such as Er 3+ [11][12][13][14][15][16], Eu 3+ [17][18][19], Sm 3+ [20,21], Tm 3+ [22], and Ho 3+ [23], have been utilized as luminescent centers.…”