Photodynamic and Sonodynamic Therapy with Protoporphyrin IX: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Recent developments of sonodynamic therapy in antibacterial application

“…As a representative of carboxy-modified porphyrins, PpIX is another important porphyrin derivative that has been used in various disciplines, such as medicine, catalysis, sensing and chemical biology. 76,77 Recently, PpIX was also employed as a sonosensitizer in the development of a synergistic nanoplatform for Fenton response-enhanced antibacterial SDT. 49 The Fenton reaction refers to the reaction in which hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is catalytically transformed to ˙OH.…”

From biomaterials to biotherapy: cuttlefish ink with protoporphyrin IX nanoconjugates for synergistic sonodynamic-photothermal therapy

“…38,39 Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is an endogenous organic compound containing carboxylic groups, and it has been recognized as an efficient sonosensitizer in clinical trials for years. 40,41 In addition, considering the short diffusion distance of ROS, the uniform distribution of PpIX on the CIP surface is an efficient way to maximize the utilization efficiency of ROS. Given the PTT effect of cuttlefish ink and SDT effect of PpIX as well as their origins in biology, we constructed CIPs by a reaction between the amine groups of cuttlefish ink and the carboxyl groups of PpIX, which showed high biocompatibility, high ROS utilization and a high photothermal effect.…”

PpIX/IR-820 Dual-Modal Therapeutic Agents for Enhanced PDT/PTT Synergistic Therapy in Cervical Cancer

“…Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are two kinds of highly effective and precise tumor treatment. , PDT has attracted tremendous attention for its high localized efficiency and the little damage it does to surrounding normal tissue . PDT includes three essential components: excitation light, photosensitizers (PSs), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). , Studies showed that during the PDT process, the PS could generate high ROS under reasonable excitation light, which could kill tumor cells. − Among the commonly used PSs, PpIX is favorable for its strong photosensitive activity, low toxicity, and fast metabolism. , Chudal et al designed and synthesized a nanoplatform (PpIX-Lipo-MnO 2 ) based on PpIX. The PDT efficiency of the PpIX-Lipo-MnO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) could be enhanced greatly by converting common H 2 O 2 into oxygen.…”

“…12−14 Among the commonly used PSs, PpIX is favorable for its strong photosensitive activity, low toxicity, and fast metabolism. 15,16 Chudal et al 17 Another ideal tumor treatment is PTT, which is noninvasive, repeatable, and safe. 18,19 The photothermal agent could convert light energy into hyperthermia under laser irradiation and then induce the ablation of tumor cells.…”

“… 12 − 14 Among the commonly used PSs, PpIX is favorable for its strong photosensitive activity, low toxicity, and fast metabolism. 15 , 16 Chudal et al 17 designed and synthesized a nanoplatform (PpIX-Lipo-MnO 2 ) based on PpIX. The PDT efficiency of the PpIX-Lipo-MnO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) could be enhanced greatly by converting common H 2 O 2 into oxygen.…”