“…Materials with such abilities are broadly termed smart materials or stimuli-responsive materials. 1Ϫ4 Materials that can respond to various types of stimulus such as mechanical stress, 5 temperature, 6,7 pH, 8Ϫ12 electric field, 13 magnetic field, 14 redox potentials, 15 light, 16,17 and certain chemicals 18,19 have been synthesized in the past. 18,19 Organic materials such as polyelectrolyte multilayers, 20 block copolymers, 21 phospholipids, 22 and gels 23 possess individual molecular components that can respond to an external stimulus by significantly altering their own physical or chemical properties.…”