Photodetection via Optical Rectification of Terahertz-Modulated Optical Carriers

Cox, C.H.; Wooten, E.L.

doi:10.1109/jlt.2021.3118968

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Cox and Wooten recently published one of the first detailed studies (utilizing lithium niobate). 94 Another important consequence of moving from microscopic electrode separations, w, to nanoscopic widths is the opportunity to transition from processing protocols based on electric field poling 3 to protocols based on use of covalent bonds (sequential-synthesis/self-assembly) 3,95−99 for the introduction of acentric order. The large values of electrode separations (w) of mesoscopic devices in the year 1999 made sequentialsynthesis/self-assembly impractical because of the excessively large number of sequential steps required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organic Electro-Optics and Optical Rectification: From Mesoscale to Nanoscale Hybrid Devices and Chip-Scale Integration of Electronics and Photonics

Elder

Dalton

2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The performance of electro-optic devices based on organic second order NLO materials has been improved by orders of magnitude through theory-guided improvement in the electrooptic activity and other relevant properties of organic materials and by field compression of radio frequency (RF) and optical fields associated with the transition from microscale/mesoscale devices to silicon−organic hybrid (SOH) and plasmonic−organic hybrid (POH) devices with nanoscopic dimensions. This paradigm shift in organic electro-optic R&D has led to many performance improvements, including record performance for voltage-length performance of less than 50 V-μm, energy consumption of less than 70 attojoules/bit, bandwidths of greater than 500 gigahertz (GHz), and device footprints of less than 20 μm 2 . Another consequence of improving electro-optic performance is the corresponding improvement of the converse second order nonlinear optical property of optical rectification (transparent photodetection). Theory has permitted identification of optimum optical nonlinearity/transparency values and dipole moments for newly developed chromophores, which have led, in turn, to state-of-the-art materials and device performance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is important to note that research involving OR is in a very immature state; indeed, the mechanisms defining noise floor for Pockels materials remain to be defined experimentally. Cox and Wooten recently published one of the first detailed studies (utilizing lithium niobate) …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Electro-Optics and Optical Rectification: From Mesoscale to Nanoscale Hybrid Devices and Chip-Scale Integration of Electronics and Photonics

Elder

Dalton

2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Perspective: Nanophotonic electro-optics enabling THz bandwidths, exceptional modulation and energy efficiencies, and compact device footprints

et al. 2023

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The growth of integrated photonics has driven the need for efficient, high-bandwidth electrical-to-optical (EO) signal conversion over a broad range of frequencies (MHz–THz), together with efficient, high bandwidth photodetection. Efficient signal conversion is needed for applications including fiber/wireless telecom, data centers, sensing/imaging, metrology/spectroscopy, autonomous vehicle platforms, etc., as well as cryogenic supercomputing/quantum computing. Diverse applications require the ability to function over a wide range of environmental conditions (e.g., temperatures from <4 to >400 K). Active photonic device footprints are being scaled toward nanoscopic dimensions for size compatibility with electronic elements. Nanophotonic devices increase optical and RF field confinement via small feature sizes, increasing field intensities by many orders of magnitude, enabling high-performance Pockels effect materials to be ultimately utilized to their maximum potential (e.g., in-device voltage-length performance ≤0.005 V mm). Organic materials have recently exhibited significant improvements in performance driven by theory-guided design, with realized macroscopic electro-optic activity (r33) exceeding 1000 pm/V at telecom wavelengths. Hybrid organic/semiconductor nanophotonic integration has propelled the development of new organic synthesis, processing, and design methodologies to capture this high performance and has improved understanding of the spatial distribution of the order of poled materials under confinement and the effects of metal/semiconductor-organic interfaces on device performance. Covalent coupling, whether from in situ crosslinking or sequential synthesis, also provides a thermally and photochemically stable alternative to thermoplastic EO polymers. The alternative processing techniques will reduce the attenuation of r33 values observed in silicon organic hybrid and plasmonic organic hybrid devices arising from chromophore-electrode electrostatic interactions and material conductance at poling temperatures. The focus of this perspective is on materials, with an emphasis on the need to consider the interrelationship between hybrid device architectures and materials.

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Photodetection via Optical Rectification of Terahertz-Modulated Optical Carriers

Cited by 2 publications

References 8 publications

Organic Electro-Optics and Optical Rectification: From Mesoscale to Nanoscale Hybrid Devices and Chip-Scale Integration of Electronics and Photonics

Organic Electro-Optics and Optical Rectification: From Mesoscale to Nanoscale Hybrid Devices and Chip-Scale Integration of Electronics and Photonics

Perspective: Nanophotonic electro-optics enabling THz bandwidths, exceptional modulation and energy efficiencies, and compact device footprints

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