Photodegradation of the antineoplastic cyclophosphamide: A comparative study of the efficiencies of UV/H2O2, UV/Fe2+/H2O2 and UV/TiO2 processes

Occurrence of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide in aqueous environment and their removal by biological and abiotic wastewater treatment processes

“…For detailed results see SM-II. The low k ow values of CP (0.63) and IF (0.84) mean that CP and IF are highly soluble in water and unlikely to be adsorbed on material surfaces (Llewellyn et al, 2011;Lutterbeck et al, 2015). In addition, according to the literature sorption of CP and IF onto sludge is negligible (Kosjek and Heath, 2011).…”

“…The results of several abiotic treatment studies using UV, UV and hydrogen peroxide (UV/H 2 O 2 ), ozone (O 3 ) and O 3 /H 2 O 2 to remove CP and studies using UV, UV/H 2 O 2 and O 3 to remove IF have been published (Chen et al, 2008;Fernández et al, 2010;Garcia-Ac et al, 2010;Kim and Tanaka, 2009;Kim et al, 2009aKim et al, , 2009bKöhler et al, 2012;Lester et al, 2011;Lin et al, 2014Lin et al, , 2015Lutterbeck et al, 2015;Wols et al, 2013Wols et al, , 2015. The removal of CP and IF by either UV or O 3 alone was disappointing, but by adding H 2 O 2 removal efficiency was substantially improved (up to 90%).…”

Degradation of 5-FU by means of advanced (photo)oxidation processes: UV/H2O2, UV/Fe2+/H2O2 and UV/TiO2 — Comparison of transformation products, ready biodegradability and toxicity

“…Moreover, they represent an interesting alternative, since they can be employed in association with biological treatments for wastewater remediation, as a pre-treatment, increasing the biodegradability through partial oxidation, or as a post-treatment for the degradation of persistent compounds (De la Cruz et al, 2012). However, a possible incomplete mineralization can generate unwanted, and often unknown, transformation products (TPs) of unknown properties which can be recalcitrant and even more toxic than the parent compound itself (Lutterbeck et al, 2015;Mahmoud et al, 2013;Rastogi et al, 2014). Therefore, the identification of the main TPs generated in the processes is an important issue.…”

Mass Spectrometric Detection and Reductive Degradation of the Anti-cancer Drugs Ifosfamide and Cyclophosphamide

“…One such process is photodegradation in the presence of UV/H 2 O 2 , UV/Fe 2+ /H 2 O 2 or UV/TiO 2 [9]. A variant of this experiment is a simulated sunlight treatment as a means of improving biodegradability [10].…”