Photodegradation of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments – Kinetics and photodegradation products

Calisto, Vânia; Domingues, Rosário M.; Esteves, Valdemar I.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.008

Cited by 118 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…For example, the diuretic drug furosemide is photo-transformed into the dimer , which has mutagenic potential (Isidori et al, 2006). Photodegradation of various other pharmaceuticals has also been reported (Breier et al, 2008;Calisto et al, 2011;Skibinski, 2011), but the influence of these reactions on ecotoxicity has generally not been examined.…”

Section: Amiodarone (Am)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment by sunlight and UV-A, -B and -C irradiation

et al. 2013

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-In order to investigate the effect of sunlight on the persistence and ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals contaminating the aquatic environment, we exposed nine pharmaceuticals (acetaminophen (AA), amiodarone (AM), dapsone (DP), dexamethasone (DX), indomethacin (IM), naproxen (NP), phenytoin (PH), raloxifene (RL), and sulindac (SL)) in aqueous media to sunlight and to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at 254, 302 or 365 nm (UV-C, UV-B or UV-A, respectively). Degradation of the pharmaceuticals was monitored by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sunlight completely degraded AM, DP and DX within 6 hr, and partly degraded the other pharmaceuticals, except AA and PH, which were not degraded. Similar results were obtained with UV-B, while UV-A was less effective (both UV-A and -B are components of sunlight). All the pharmaceuticals were photodegraded by UV-C, which is used for sterilization in sewage treatment plants. Thus, the photodegradation rates of pharmaceuticals are dependent on both chemical structure and the wavelength of UV exposure. Toxicity assay using the luminescent bacteria test (ISO11348) indicated that UV irradiation reduced the toxicity of some pharmaceuticals to aquatic organisms by decreasing their amount (photodegradation) and increased the toxicity of others by generating toxic photoproduct(s). These results indicate the importance of investigating not only parent compounds, but also photoproducts in the risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments.

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Section: Amiodarone (Am)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment by sunlight and UV-A, -B and -C irradiation

et al. 2013

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“…Water resources are exposed to the presence of xenobiotic compounds and consequently environmental degradation processes are observed [2,3]. The main source of release of these chemicals in the environment is the discharge of wastewater as a result of the inadequacy of the treatment processes used in the sewage treatment plants (STPs) [1,2,[4][5][6]. Among these compounds are contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) which include different chemical classes such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, steroids, surfactants, nanomaterials, disinfectants, drugs of abuse, Blife-style compounds^, and others [5,[7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the contaminants is an important group consisting of pharmaceuticals that may have pseudo-persistent behavior due to a regular consumption pattern [1,4]. Brodin et al observed that individuals of the fish Perca fluviatilis exposed to water with oxazepam at 1.8 μg L −1 exhibited behavior modifications, increased activity and reduced sociality, and a higher feeding rate [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New approach to the determination of contaminants of emerging concern in natural water: study of alprazolam employing adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry

et al. 2015

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Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are chemicals, including pharmaceutical and personal care products, not commonly monitored in the aquatic environment. Pharmaceuticals are nowadays considered as an important environmental contaminant. Chromatography methods which require expensive equipment and complicated sample pretreatment are used for detection of CECs in natural water. Thus, in this study we proposed a simple, fast, and low-cost voltammetric method as a screening tool for the determination of CECs in natural water prior to chromatography. A case study was conducted with alprazolam (benzodiazepine). The method was optimized and validated in-house. The limit of quantification was 0.4 μg L(-1) for a 120 s preconcentration time. The recoveries ranged from 93 to 120 % for accuracy tests. A further proposal aim was to determine for the first time the occurrence of alprazolam in Brazilian river water and to evaluate its potential use as a marker of contamination by wastewater.

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“…However, tablet dosage form is most common for the administration of diazepam. Diazepam has been reported to have photosensitivity, and this photo-degradation is more obvious in aquatic environment 12,13 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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2016

IJPSR

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ABSTRACT:This study was designed to determine the extent of photolytic degradation of diazepam tablets, without light-protective packaging, available in the market. The UV spectroscopy method was designed and applied for this purpose. A total of 2160 tablets (each tablet contained 5 mg diazepam) of three different brand formulations A, B and C were chosen randomly. These tablets were then exposed to different indirect and direct lighting conditions i.e. normal room light condition (for 60 days), direct sunlight exposure (6 hours per day for 3 days), 25 Watt incandescent light bulb exposure and 40 Watt incandescent light bulb exposure (6 hours per day for 3 days). Samples from these light exposures were analyzed for potency determination using UV spectrophotometer and compared against the tablets kept in dark place (Control). Tablets of all three formulations showed marked degradation. The overall average degradations were 23.64%5.53%; 28.36%4.87%; 19.72%4.83% and 25.40%4.17% respectively for normal room light, direct sunlight, 25 Watt and 40 Watt incandescent bulbs whereas tablets kept in dark place showed little or no decrease in potency (0.01%.01%). These results suggest that the diazepam tablets should be marketed in light-protected opaque packaging to retain their potency and optimum therapeutic effect. At the same time, the existing transparent packaging should also be replaced with the opaque ones by the manufacturers.

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Photodegradation of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments – Kinetics and photodegradation products

Cited by 118 publications

References 28 publications

Photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment by sunlight and UV-A, -B and -C irradiation

Photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment by sunlight and UV-A, -B and -C irradiation

New approach to the determination of contaminants of emerging concern in natural water: study of alprazolam employing adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry

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