Photodegradation of polymer-dispersed perylene di-imide dyes

Tanaka, Nobuaki; Barashkov, N. N.; Heath, Jerry A.; Sisk, Wade N.

doi:10.1364/ao.45.003846

Cited by 53 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…With regards to the photostability, by comparing the halflives measured under the same pump intensity, we see that the performance is sligtly better for PS. This is contradictory with the idea proposed by other authors that oxygen permeability is the 65 most important factor in determiming the photostability of PDI-O-doped films, 27 given that the oxygen permeability of PS (2.53 barrers, at 25 ºC) 44 24 it was discussed that the photodegradation of PDI-O in PMMA hosts was due two 80 mechanisms: (i) type II photooxidation, that predominates under aerobic conditions, and (ii) partially reversible photoreduction, which prevails under anaerobic conditions. Their results indicated that oxygen-free device fabrication and encapsulation were not suitable procedures for PDI-based optical devices, because the 85 exclusion of oxygen lead to photoreduction.…”

Section: Pmmamentioning

confidence: 72%

“…On the other hand, in the presence of oxygen, the predominant photodegration mechanism would be type II photooxidation, although some photoreduction could also be present. 24 Oxygen permeability for intensities than the PMMA ones.…”

Section: Pmmamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ASE properties of PS films doped with 0.5 wt.% of PDI-C6 are similar to those of films containing PDI-N. 17 DFB lasers based on PDI-C6 have shown a very good laser performance: emission wavelength 10 between 554 to 583 nm (depending on film thickness and grating depth), thresholds of 1 J/pulse, single-mode emission with linewidths below 0.2 nm and photostability half-lives of  10 5 pump pulses under excitation in ambient conditions. 15 The laser properties of PDI-doped solid matrixes have also been investigated by other authors, [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] motivated mainly by the high thermal and photostability of PDIs. In most studies, the commercially available derivatives known as perylene orange (N,N'-di(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic 20 diimide, PDI-O, see Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved performance of perylenediimide-based lasers

et al. 2013

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The aim of this work was to improve the laser performance, in terms of threshold and operational lifetime, of lasers based on polymer films doped with perylenediimide (PDI) derivatives as active media. For such purpose, we first investigated the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) properties of perylene orange (PDI-O), when doped into polystyrene (PS) films. Lower ASE thresholds and larger photostabilities than those of similar films containing another PDI derivative (PDI-C6), recently reported in the literature, have been measured. Results have been interpreted in terms of the photoluminescence efficiency of the films, which depends on the type of 10 molecular arrangement, inferred with the help of nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. We also show that PS films have a better ASE performance, i.e. lower thresholds and larger photostabilities, than those based on poly(methyl methacrylate), which was recently highlighted as one of the best matrixes for PDI-O. Finally, a 1D second-order distributed feedaback laser using PS doped with PDI-O, was fabricated and characterized. This device has shown a threshold significantly lower (by around one order of magnitude) than that of a similar laser based on PDI-C6-doped PS.15

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Section: Pmmamentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Pmmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved performance of perylenediimide-based lasers

et al. 2013

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“…23,24 Two dominant mechanisms have been proposed: type II photooxidation and partially reversible photoreduction, prevailing under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. For other materials, such as semiconducting polymers, the presence of triplet states seems to play a major role in their photodegradation.…”

Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the excitation area on the thresholds of organic second-order distributed feedback lasers

Calzado

Villalvilla

Boj

et al. 2012

Applied Physics Letters

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It is shown that the optical pump power (or energy) density thresholds required to obtain lasing from organic second-order distributed feedback lasers, increase when the excitation area (A) is smaller than a certain value (A crit ). So, in order to obtain the minimum possible thresholds and to ensure that they constitute adequate quantities for comparison purposes, the condition A > A crit should be fulfilled. Results also indicate that when A < A crit (A crit $ 0.1 mm 2 for the devices studied here), the operational device lifetime, which depends mainly on the pump power (or energy) density, becomes drastically reduced. 1,2 The interest in OSLs increased with the discovery of stimulated emission in optically pumped semiconducting polymer films, 3,4 since they opened the possibility of using electrical excitation. The goal of obtaining laser diodes was initially the main motivation to decrease the laser thresholds of OSLs, so many works focused in improving the active materials and the resonators. Although diode lasers have not been demonstrated yet, thanks to all these efforts, laser thresholds have been decreased so much that today it is possible to pump with cheap inorganic diode lasers 1,5 and even with light emitting diodes.6 Therefore, these low-cost and compact optically pumped lasers are by themselves useful for applications. 1,2Among the various types of OSLs reported in the literature, distributed feedback (DFB) lasers have been particularly successful.1,2 So today they are being used to develop applications in the fields of telecommunications, 2 biosensing, and chemical sensing. 7,8 In DFB lasers, the active material is deposited as a thin film over an appropriate substrate so it constitutes a waveguide. Feedback is achieved by the incorporation of periodic nanostructures (obtained by modulating either the refractive index or the gain) that Bragg-scatter the light, thus, avoiding the need of good-quality end facets. In a one-dimensional (1D) DFB laser, the wavelength that satisfies the Bragg condition (k Bragg ) given bywhere m is the order of diffraction, n eff is the effective refractive index of the waveguide, and K is the grating period, constitutes the resonant wavelength in the cavity, which will then be diffracted in the grating in different directions.For second-order DFBs (m ¼ 2 in Eq. (1)), light is coupled out of the film in a direction perpendicular to the waveguide film, by first-order diffraction. DFB resonators can be easily integrated into planar organic waveguides, which is a clear advantage from the fabrication point of view, as compared to other types of laser cavities. In general, OSLs demand very intense pumping conditions due to the short photoluminescence (PL) lifetimes of the active materials (typically 1 ns in the case of fluorescent materials). So, excitation is performed by tightly focusing the pump beam through the gain medium provided by a pulsed laser source. Many of the milestones in achieving low thresholds (expressed as energy per pulse) reported in the literature have...

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“…Although dye photobleaching can occur by several different mechanisms and, from a general point of view, can be considered to be quite complex, photo-oxidation, in which chemically reactive singlet oxygen is formed by sensitization of ground-state triplet oxygen molecules by triplet-state dyes, [22] is perhaps the degradation mechanism most often referred to and the most-relevant one for xanthenes and perylene diimide dyes. [23] Thus, matrices with high silicon content could accelerate this process as a consequence of the higher oxygen permeability in sililated materials and the longer lifetime of singlet molecular oxygen in these media. [24] …”

Section: Laser Action Of the New Photosensitive Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Materials for a Reliable Solid‐State Dye Laser at the Red Spectral Edge

García‐Moreno

Costela

Martín

et al. 2009

Adv Funct Materials

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In the search to extend the tuning range of solid‐state dye lasers (SSDLs) to the red‐edge spectral region, new photosensitive materials have been designed and synthesized based on six commercial dyes (sulforhodamine B, perylene red, rhodamine 640, LDS698, LDS722, and LDS730) incorporated into different linear, crosslinked, fluorinated, and sililated polymeric matrices. Under transversal pumping at 532 nm, these materials exhibit highly efficient, stable, as well as wavelength‐tunable laser action from the visible‐to‐NIR spectral region (575–750 nm). The lasing performance of the materials doped with perylene and xanthene dyes is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest achieved to date for these chromophores when incorporated into organic, inorganic, or hybrid matrices. Regarding the LDS derivatives, this is the first time that laser action from these dyes in solid‐state media is reported. These particular characteristics have impelled the building of the first prototype SSDL that is compact, versatile, and easy to handle.

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Photodegradation of polymer-dispersed perylene di-imide dyes

Cited by 53 publications

References 26 publications

Improved performance of perylenediimide-based lasers

Improved performance of perylenediimide-based lasers

Influence of the excitation area on the thresholds of organic second-order distributed feedback lasers

Materials for a Reliable Solid‐State Dye Laser at the Red Spectral Edge

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