Photodegradation of 4-chlorophenol to carbon dioxide and HCl using high surface area titanium dioxide anodes

Haque, Inam ul; Rusling, James F.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(93)90183-6

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The search for efficient methods to promote both color removal and the mineralization of organic compounds has led to a huge interest in the use of photoelectrocatalytic oxidation to treat organic pollutants since the early 1990s [26,[32][33][34]. There are several photocatalysts applied in photoelectrocatalysis, among them include TiO 2 , WO 3 , ZnO, CdS, Fe 2 O 3 , and SnO 2 .…”

Section: Photoelectrocatalytic Oxidation Of Pollutantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achievements and Trends in Photoelectrocatalysis: from Environmental to Energy Applications

et al. 2015

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The great versatility of semiconductor materials and the possibility of generation of electrons, holes, hydroxyl radicals, and/or superoxide radicals have increased the applicability of photoelectrocatalysis dramatically in the contemporary world. Photoelectrocatalysis takes advantage of the heterogeneous photocatalytic process by applying a biased potential on a photoelectrode in which the catalyst is supported. This configuration allows more effectiveness of the separation of photogenerated charges due to light irradiation with energy being higher compared to that of the band gap energy of the semiconductor, which thereby leads to an increase in the lifetime of the electron-hole pairs. This work presents a compiled and critical review of photoelectrocatalysis, trends and future prospects of the technique applied in environmental protection studies, hydrogen generation, and water disinfection. Special attention will be focused on the applications of TiO 2 and the production of nanometric morphologies with a great improvement in the photocatalyst properties useful for the degradation of organic pollutants, the reduction of inorganic contaminants, the conversion of CO 2 , microorganism inactivation, and water splitting for hydrogen generation.

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Section: Photoelectrocatalytic Oxidation Of Pollutantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achievements and Trends in Photoelectrocatalysis: from Environmental to Energy Applications

et al. 2015

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“…The photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol by TiO 2 and other semiconductor catalysts has taken on an importance in the literature that exceeds its original significance as a model pollutant . It has become a standard for evaluating experimental parameters and examining their effects on mechanism and efficiency. − Many of these publications focus on practical aspects of photocatalysis as an advanced oxidation process for cleanup of contaminated waters. Others are concerned with the effect of experimental parameters on either the initial disappearance of the 4-chlorophenol or the total mineralization rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol. 2. The 4-Chlorocatechol Pathway

1999

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The TiO2-mediated photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorocatechol is studied as a branch of the degradation of 4-chlorophenol. In addition to some basic kinetic studies, the identities of many of the cyclic and acyclic intermediates, verified in most cases with authentic samples, are reported. From 4-chlorocatechol, the major product is hydroxylation to form 5-chloro-1,2,4-benzenetriol. A small amount of 4-chloropyrogallol is also produced. Substitution to give 1,2,4-benzenetriol is observed as is oxidative cleavage of the C1−C2 bond to give the diacid. The major products of all of the triols are those of oxidative cleavages, occurring mainly between ortho hydroxy-substituted carbons to give diacids but also between one hydroxy and one unsubstituted carbon to give acid-aldehydes. Many smaller intermediates in the degradations are identified, and pathways are proposed for the larger compounds.

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“…Vinodgopal et al described the electrochemically assisted photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol (10). Haque and Rusling also studied the photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol and reported complete mineralization to CO2 and Cl - (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Incineration of 4-Chlorophenol and the Identification of Products and Intermediates by Mass Spectrometry

Johnson

Houk

Feng

et al. 1999

Environ. Sci. Technol.

149

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This report summarizes results obtained as part of a larger effort to demonstrate the applicability of electrolytic procedures for the direct anodic (oxidative) degradation of toxic organic wastes. We refer to this process as "electrochemical incineration" (ECI) because the ultimate degradation products, e.g., carbon dioxide, are equivalent to those achieved by thermal incineration processes. In this work, the ECI of 4-chlorophenol is achieved in an aqueous medium using a platinum anode coated with a quaternary metal oxide film containing Ti, Ru, Sn, and Sb oxides. The electrode is stable and active when used with a solid Nafion membrane without the addition of soluble supporting electrolyte. Liquid chromatography (LC), including reverse phase and ion exchange chromatography, is coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS) and used, along with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and measurements of pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC), to study the reaction and identify the intermediate products from the ECI of 4-chlorophenol. Twenty-six intermediate products are identified and reported. The most abundant of these products are benzoquinone, 4-chlorocatechol, maleic acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, and the inorganic anions chloride, chlorate, and perchlorate. After 24 h of ECI, a solution that initially contained 108 ppm 4-chlorophenol yields only 1 ppm TOC with 98% of the original chlorine remaining in the specified inorganic forms. LC-ES-MS and direct infusion ES-MS detection limits are between 80 ppb and 4 ppm for these intermediate products. Elemental analysis of the electrolyzed solutions by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ICP-MS showed that only trace amounts (<25 ppb) of the metallic elements comprising the metal oxide film were present in the solution.

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Photodegradation of 4-chlorophenol to carbon dioxide and HCl using high surface area titanium dioxide anodes

Cited by 13 publications

References 18 publications

Achievements and Trends in Photoelectrocatalysis: from Environmental to Energy Applications

Achievements and Trends in Photoelectrocatalysis: from Environmental to Energy Applications

Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol. 2. The 4-Chlorocatechol Pathway

Electrochemical Incineration of 4-Chlorophenol and the Identification of Products and Intermediates by Mass Spectrometry

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