Photocuring of di-acrylate

Iedema, Piet D.; Schamböck, V.; Boonen, H.; Koskamp, Janou A.; Schellekens, S.; Willemse, Robin X. E.

doi:10.1016/j.ces.2017.11.009

Cited by 12 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…In the last years, light induced polymerization techniques (photocurable systems) have gained popularity over thermally induced polymerization techniques (thermocurable systems) because (1) the polymerization process itself is more energy efficient, (2) photocurable systems are more sustainable (systems are entirely composed of reactive components and therefore no volatile organic components are involved and no organic solvents are needed) and (3) they are one of the most efficient methods to achieve a high degree of curing 1 . In addition, light induced polymerization can also be used to control specific properties in the product materials, for example, by the use of lasers or by using exposure with masks to create patterns 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling the free-radical polymerization of hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA): a molecular dynamics and graph theory approach

et al. 2018

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In the printing, coating and ink industries, photocurable systems are becoming increasingly popular and multi-functional acrylates are one of the most commonly used monomers due to their high reactivity (fast curing). In this paper, we use molecular dynamics and graph theory tools to investigate the thermo-mechanical properties and topology of hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) polymer networks. The gel point was determined as the point where a giant component was formed. For the conditions of our simulations, we found the gel point to be around 0.18 bond conversion. A detailed analysis of the network topology showed, unexpectedly, that the flexibility of the HDDA molecules plays an important role in increasing the conversion of double bonds, while delaying the gel point. This is due to a back-biting type of reaction mechanism that promotes the formation of small cycles. The glass transition temperature for several degrees of curing was obtained from the change in the thermal expansion coefficient. For a bond conversion close to experimental values we obtained a glass transition temperature around 400 K. For the same bond conversion we estimate a Young's modulus of 3 GPa. Both of these values are in good agreement with experiments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An important class of photocurable systems are based on free-radical polymerization 3 . This type of polymerization is characterized by a sequence of reactions: initiation, propagation and termination that ultimately result in the formation of large polymer molecules and eventually a polymer network (gelation).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the free-radical polymerization of hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA): a molecular dynamics and graph theory approach

et al. 2018

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“…The acrylate conversion rate, R p (s -1 ), is defined as (Iedema et al, 2018): Rp=11−PCC,tdPCC,tdt=kpSC[S•]+kpCC[normalC•]+kip[normalC−] where its maximum value in one polymerization process is defined as R pmax .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The multidimensional population balance models of Iedema et al . can be used to relate details of photopolymerization to hydrogel mechanics (Iedema et al, 2018; Kryven and Iedema, 2013; Kryven and Iedema, 2014a; Kryven and Iedema, 2014b, 2015; Schamboeck et al, 2017). However, photochemical properties of initiators and possible anion mediated side reaction are poorly understood in existing models for thiol-ene photopolymerizations, which limit the applicable conditions and prediction accuracy of these model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rate of thiol-Michael addition is relatively slow in neutral solution compared to that of photopolymerization for a range of light intensity that is typically on the order of 10–100 mW·cm -2 . Thus, thiol-Michael addition is often neglected in modeling study of thiol-acrylate reactions (Claudino et al, 2016; Higham et al, 2014; Huang et al, 2017; Iedema et al, 2018; Liu et al, 2014; Marklein and Burdick, 2010; Nair et al, 2014; Reddy et al, 2006). However, when the light intensity is low ( e.g ., below 10 mW·cm -2 ) and photopolymerization occurs in an alkaline solution, the rates for photopolymerization and thiol-Michael addition are comparable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship between thiol-acrylate photopolymerization kinetics and hydrogel mechanics: An improved model incorporating photobleaching and thiol-Michael addition

Zhu

Yang

Genin

et al. 2018

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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Biocompatible hydrogels with defined mechanical properties are critical to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Thiol-acrylate photopolymerized hydrogels have attracted special interest for their degradability and cytocompatibility, and for their tunable mechanical properties through controlling factors that affect reaction kinetics (e.g., photopolymerization, stoichiometry, temperature, and solvent choice). In this study, we hypothesized that the mechanical property of these hydrogels can be tuned by photoinitiators via photobleaching and by thiol-Michael addition reactions. To test this hypothesis, a multiscale mathematical model incorporating both photobleaching and thiol-Michael addition reactions was developed and validated. After validating the model, the effects of thiol concentration, light intensity, and pH values on hydrogel mechanics were investigated. Results revealed that hydrogel stiffness (i) was maximized at a light intensity-specific optimal concentration of thiol groups; (ii) increased with decreasing pH when synthesis occurred at low light intensity; and (iii) increased with decreasing light intensity when synthesis occurred at fixed precursor composition. The multiscale model revealed that the latter was due to higher initiation efficiency at lower light intensity. More broadly, the model provides a framework for predicting mechanical properties of hydrogels based upon the controllable kinetics of thiol-acrylate photopolymerization.

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Spatiotemporally Controlled Photoresponsive Hydrogels: Design and Predictive Modeling from Processing through Application

Zhu

Yang

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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Photoresponsive hydrogels (PRHs) are soft materials whose mechanical and chemical properties can be tuned spatially and temporally with relative ease. Both photo‐crosslinkable and photodegradable hydrogels find utility in a range of biomedical applications that require tissue‐like properties or programmable responses. Progress in engineering with PRHs is facilitated by the development of theoretical tools that enable optimization of their photochemistry, polymer matrices, nanofillers, and architecture. This review brings together models and design principles that enable key applications of PRHs in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and soft robotics, and highlights ongoing challenges in both modeling and application.

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Photocuring of di-acrylate

Cited by 12 publications

References 52 publications

Modeling the free-radical polymerization of hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA): a molecular dynamics and graph theory approach

Modeling the free-radical polymerization of hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA): a molecular dynamics and graph theory approach

The relationship between thiol-acrylate photopolymerization kinetics and hydrogel mechanics: An improved model incorporating photobleaching and thiol-Michael addition

Spatiotemporally Controlled Photoresponsive Hydrogels: Design and Predictive Modeling from Processing through Application

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