Photoconducting polymers

Myl'nikov, V. S.

doi:10.1007/bfb0026087

Cited by 47 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 204 publications

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“…PVK, typically obtained by polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole (NVK), is the most widely studied polymeric photoconductor, and the first practical application in xerographic machines (IBM;1970) utilized PVK sensitized with TNF. A variety of polymers containing aromatic and heteroaromatic side groups or backbones were designed and synthesized as photoconductors [22].…”

Section: Charge Generation and Transport In Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photorefractive Polymers

Chellapan

Joseph

Ramachandran

2011

Handbook of Stimuli‐Responsive Materials

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When perturbed with electromagnetic radiation of appropriate wavelength and intensity, photorefractive (PR) systems alter their local refractive index properties. To achieve PR properties, photoconductivity and electro-optical response are required. This chapter describes the physics and chemistry of PR systems to stimuli such as electric field and light. Various processes such as photogeneration of charge carriers, charge transport, electro-optic (EO) effect, and grating formation are described in the introductory sections. Material requirements, experimental techniques, and types of PR systems are discussed in the context of the recent progress in PR polymers and their applications.The PR effect is observed in materials showing both photoconductivity and an electric-field-dependent refractive index. The first observation of PR effect in a polymer system was made in the EO polymer bisphenol-A-diglycidylether 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine doped with the charge-transporting molecule diethylamino-benzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone [1]. PR media can be used to store a replica of the incident nonuniform intensity pattern as a refractive index modulation. Illumination with uniform intensity distribution of appropriate wavelength will erase any grating that has already been written inside the material, making them suitable for reversible and real-time holography. Many applications such as multiplexed data storage [2], holographic filters [3], neural networks [4], and updatable 3D display [5] have been demonstrated on a laboratory scale, but commercial products are not yet available mainly because of the strict requirements on material quality and the complexity of the optics required to implement these systems. Early searches for better materials had been concentrated on inorganic crystals, but after the invention of polymer PR materials, significant research efforts have directed to this class of materials as well due to the ease of processability, which is an advantage over inorganic crystals. Diffraction efficiency approaching 100% and two-beam coupling (TBC) gain coefficient of >400 cm −1 have been achieved in PR polymers. The gain coefficients in hybrid systems combining liquid crystals or low-molecular-weight glass-forming materials and polymers have Handbook of Stimuli-Responsive Materials. Edited by Marek W. Urban

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Section: Charge Generation and Transport In Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22 shows the steady-state 22 Two-beam coupling in PVK/PDCST/BBP/C 60 showing energy transfer from beam 1 (solid curve) to beam 2 (dashed curve) as beam 2 is turned on at t = 2 s. At t = 6.3 s, the interference pattern is translated quickly. Reprinted with permission from Ref [74]…”

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confidence: 99%

Photorefractive Polymers

Chellapan

Joseph

Ramachandran

2011

Handbook of Stimuli‐Responsive Materials

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“…It is well known that an applied field is always needed to assist the photogeneration of charge carriers in organic polymers 87) . Therefore, the photogeneration efficiency of charge carriers is strongly dependent on the local field around the photogeneration sites of charge carriers.…”

Section: Low T G Pr Polymers Containingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of fully functionalized photorefractive polymers

Wang

2000

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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In this article, we review recent progress in the area of photorefractive polymers. Photorefractive (PR) polymers are multifunctional materials which combine photoconductivity and electro‐optic response to show a new phenomenon: light‐induced reversible modulation of the refractive index. Because of their multifunctional features, design, synthesis and preparation of these materials exhibiting high performance is an intellectual challenge. Moreover, numerous applications of photorefractive materials in optical devices have been established using inorganic materials. Utilizing the unique features of organic polymeric materials to prepare useful devices is an engineering challenge. In the past several years, research in this area has gained momentum because numerous new materials which possess better characteristic photorefractive parameters than their inorganic counterparts have been synthesized. Several interesting devices have been presented. Two different approaches have been developed to synthesize and prepare PR polymers, namely composite materials and fully functionalized polymers. Both approaches have had success in identifying new materials and in gaining understanding of the design principles of better materials. This paper discusses these aspects and gives a prospective view about this field.

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“…PVK is a well-known polymer because of its instinctive optoelectronic properties accompanied by very low DC conductivity. 51 In the quest for better materials, a considerable number of studies over the past few years have focused on the modification of specialty vinyl addition polymers and condensation polymers, particularly on methods to improve their bulk properties. 52,53 One of the important advancements in this direction is the preparation of hybrid nanocomposite materials of these polymers with selective inorganic components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of honeycomb structure in poly(N-vinylcarbazole)/cellulose triacetate composite films

Kim

Huh

2011

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites

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Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) composites containing different concentrations of cellulose triacetate (CTA) were synthesized through oxidative polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole with ferric chloride. Characterization and thermal stability of the synthesized composite were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet—visible (UV—Vis) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. Surface morphology of the synthesized composites was studied using both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Well-ordered porous films of the polymer composites were fabricated by evaporation of the composite solution dissolved in a volatile solvent under humid conditions. The PVK—CTA composite formed a highly well-ordered honeycomb pattern with the appropriate concentration of CTA in the absence of any kind of amphiphilic copolymer to stabilize the air—water interface. Findings of this study indicate that uniformly dispersed CTA is responsible for the stability of the air—water interface in the composite solution, thus enabling the formation of a highly ordered polymer film.

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Photoconducting polymers

Cited by 47 publications

References 204 publications

Photorefractive Polymers

Photorefractive Polymers

Development of fully functionalized photorefractive polymers

Formation of honeycomb structure in poly(N-vinylcarbazole)/cellulose triacetate composite films

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